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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review 2.8. Summary and conclusions From the literature survey the following conclusions can be drawn: Majority of conducted ORC studies were mainly devoted to the selection of suitable working fluid for various applications or thermodynamic modelling and optimization of the ORC global performance metrics. But much fewer studies were conducted about the expander design, optimization and experimental testing. Among the available experimental researches on the ORC expanders, majority of them used volumetric expanders (especially scroll) in which the machine were retrofitted and modified from the currently built devices (i.e. existing compressors) and not specifically designed based on the selected working fluid’s thermo-physical properties and the imposed cycle thermodynamic operating conditions. In addition, very limited literature is available regarding the analytical modelling and optimization of the RIT for small-scale ORC systems with the power range of up to 5kWE. In all the ORC modelling studies discussed in chapter two, a constant arbitrary expander efficiency was considered for a wide range of operating conditions and for various working fluids ignoring the possibility that the expander was capable of achieving these efficiencies in practice or not. This does not necessarily yield accurate results (as will be shown in this thesis) where each fluid may exhibit different performance under different operating conditions. The few available experimental researches that used RIT (Table 2-3) are limited to a single-stage configuration with expansion ratios limited to about seven or less. The reason being that increasing the expansion ratio beyond this limit increases the Mach number at the rotor inlet and creates shock waves with significant 52 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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