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CHAPTER 3: Methodology for Developing Radial Inflow Turbine (RIT) principles such as conservation of mass, momentum and energy are the basic equations that build the model together with the inclusion of aerodynamic losses and blockage. Mean-line modelling is a highly iterative process since it requires comprehensive studies of many different configurations by exploring a large design space created by variation of a large group of input parameters. Inputs to the mean-line model include the operating conditions (turbine inlet total temperature and pressure, mass flow rate and expansion ratio), non-dimensional parameters (velocity ratio, specific speed, loading coefficient) and geometry ratios (ratio of rotor exit hub to tip radii) that are either provided as an input file or an output from another code (i.e. cycle analysis program). With the provided inputs and the initial guess of the turbine isentropic efficiency, the preliminary design of the rotor is carried out. Based on the calculated velocity triangles and basic geometry of the rotor, the overall characteristics for the remaining components such as the nozzle, volute and diffuser are determined. Using these results and the loss correlations, the model determines a more accurate prediction of the turbine stage efficiency. This value is then used as the initial guess for the turbine isentropic efficiency and the process is repeated until convergence is achieved to the specified tolerance. For high expansion ratios that can lead to a choked nozzle and/or rotor throat, the mean-line code includes an additional subroutine to address this effect. Figure 3-5 outlines the flowchart of the mean-line model detailing the overall procedure. The mean-line model is implemented into the engineering equation solver (EES) software (Klein 2013). This allows the use of its extensive and reliable built-in functions to determine the transport and thermodynamic properties for both ideal and real gases throughout the model and use its powerful iterative sparse-matrix solving technique. In this chapter only modelling of the rotor and nozzle based on ideal-gas relationships (using air as the working fluid) is described. Extending the proposed 62 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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