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CHAPTER 3: Methodology for Developing Radial Inflow Turbine (RIT) directions because the Y+ variation depends on the first grid spacing to a wetted surface in those two directions. Y+ itself is a dimensionless distance from the wall and determines the first node away from the wall (boundary layer mesh size) and is required to be around unity for the K-ω based SST turbulent flow model as suggested in CFX user’s manual. Table 3-3 presents the results of such study. Table 3-3 Grid sensitivity study results Number of elements Stage total- to-static efficiency (%) Power output (kW) Mass flow Y+ (b) rate (kg/s) Global imbalance (c) (%) 0.00015 0.00265 0.0716 0.0314 0.0092 CPU time (d) (min) 4 12 22 38 74 1 2 3 4 5 Nozzle(a) 20280 97768 247680 400608 Rotor 30384 318356 448972 911378 80.727 81.48 4.366 81.95 4.356 82.15 4.366 82.25 4.370 4.6 0.0974 31.34 0.0919 6.08 0.0912 3.24 0.0911 1.67 0.0911 0.9015 597042 1848809 (a) The number of nozzle elements is per passage. (b) The Y+ values are averaged throughout the nozzle (c) The global imbalance values are averaged throughout the nozzle and rotor blade passages. (d) The CPU times are based on parallel run on 4 CPU cores. As it is clear from Table 3-3 all the global imbalances are much less than 1% which confirms the proper convergence in the solver as suggested in the CFX solver theory guide. The larger the number of elements both in the rotor and nozzle passage the lower the Y+ value and closer to the desired range. The stage efficiency varies with a difference of 0.75% between rows 1 and 2 and reduces to 0.1% between rows 4 and 5. The predicted power output and mass flow rate for various grid sizes did not vary significantly from rows 2 to 5. It is only for row 1 that the power is over-predicted by a maximum of 5.3% between rows 1 and 2 due to the over-prediction in mass flow rate by about 6.4%. Among the investigated grid resolutions, the values in rows 4 and 5 provided the least variation in efficiency, power and mass flow rate together with the Y+ value that is in the suggested range. However, there exists noticeable difference between various grid resolutions CPU time that increases significantly as the Y+ value decreases. Therefore, as a compromise 90 | P a g e and rotor blade passages.PDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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