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CHAPTER 4: Manufacturing and Experimental Testing of the Developed Compressed Air RIT 4.3.4. Measurement accuracy All thermocouples and pressure transducers were calibrated to guarantee accurate measurements. The overall accuracy of any measuring device consists of systematic (bias) error and random (precision) error as following: π = Β±βπ2 + π2 Equation 4-1 ππ£πππππ ππππππ π π¦π π‘ππππ‘ππ Proper calibration can correct systematic error while random error can be removed by uncertainty analysis. The latter is statistical in nature and was determined from the mean standard deviation with 95% confidence interval as: πππππππ = π‘πβ1.95%ππ₯Μ Equation 4-2 Where ππ₯Μ is the standard deviation from sample population and is defined by ππ₯Μ = 1 ββππ=1(ππβπΜ )2 andtn-1.95% isthestudentdistributionfactorforadegreeoffreedomN-1(N βπ πβ1 is the number of data points in the sample). The systematic errors include the calibration errors, data acquisition error and hysteresis errors and were estimated as following: π π = ββ πΏ2 Equation 4-3 Where M is the number of systematic error sources. ΞΆsystematic can be based on the manufacturer data or laboratory calibration. 4.3.5. Uncertainty propagation The measured variables (i.e. temperature and pressure) were characterized by some uncertainty, the results of calculations that involve these variables will consequently have uncertainty. Therefore, EES software was used to conduct the uncertainty propagation in the experimental results (i.e. power and efficiency) using Root Sum Square (RSS) method. RSS assumes that the measurements are normally distributed quantities that are π π¦π π‘ππππ‘ππ π,π π¦π π‘ππππ‘ππ π=1 139 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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