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CHAPTER 5: Mean-line Modelling and Optimization of Organic RIT and Integration with Cycle Analysis Programme The performance of conventional RIT is correlated against φ and ψ using a large number of experimental data reported in (Baines 2003). Most of these turbines are operating at very high turbine inlet temperatures of between 600°C to 1000°C for turbochargers and gas turbines. In these applications the simultaneous existence of high centrifugal and thermal stresses limited the design and geometry of the rotor to be radial at inlet with zero inlet blade angle (β4,blade=0) and with ψ values less than unity (Rohlik et al. 1968, Whitfield et al. 1990, Baines 2003) as illustrated in Figure 5-3(a). Due to the large pressure gradient in the rotor (from pressure to suction surface) the optimum incidence occurs at the relative flow angle (β4) of between -20° to -40° (Baines 2003, Dixon et al. 2010), and the inlet velocity triangle is aligned to fulfil such condition as shown in Figure 5-3(a). In contrast, the ORC turbines are operating at much lower inlet temperatures of about 350°C or less. This enables to adopt a general shape for the rotor with non-zero inlet blade angle (β4,blade>0) as presented in Figure 5-3(b) and ψ values in excess of unity. By virtue of the lower ORC temperature, the additional and centrifugal stresses due to the non-zero inlet blade angle could be tolerated. To preserve the optimum incidence at rotor inlet, the inlet velocity triangle is aligned with positive relative flow angle (β4) as depicted in Figure 5-3(b). Considering the same wheel speed (U4), the rotor with non-zero inlet blade angle results in larger inlet tangential velocity (Cθ,4) as demonstrated in Figure 5-3 and consequently leads to higher specific work output as expressed by Equation 3-19 assuming that both configurations have equal exit velocities (U5 and C5). Such configuration results in highly loaded and compact organic RIT suitable for small-scale ORC units. 164 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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