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CHAPTER 5: Mean-line Modelling and Optimization of Organic RIT and Integration with Cycle Analysis Programme It was only for ηthermal,cycle that larger value of ERts was advantageous while it had adverse effects on ηstage,ts and dmax. Both Δhideal and Δhactual were increasing with the rise of ERts which led to larger r4 and Wturbine based on Equations Equation 5-10 and 5-17. Consequently larger ηthermal,cycle was achieved as shown in Figure 5-8(a). The larger the r4 the larger is the wetted area of blade surfaces in contact with the fluid and consequently larger friction and secondary losses were achieved (EquationsEquation 3-37 and 3.44) leading to smaller ηstage,ts as shown in Figure 5-8(b). The effect of increasing expansion ratio and consequently the actual enthalpy drop was stronger than the effect of reduction in ηstage,ts hence increasing ERts increased the ηthermal,cycle. Thermodynamically, the larger the pressure difference (expansion ratio) across the cycle the higher the ηthermal,cycle. But the larger the expansion ratio across the turbine the larger the turbine size and hence the lower the ηstage,ts. Such results underline the challenges regarding the development of an efficient small-scale RIT for ORC applications. Therefore, if the turbine can be designed so that even at high expansion ratios it can exhibit high isentropic efficiency, then ηthermal,cycle can be further improved. Figure 5-9 illustrates the effect of turbine inlet total temperature (Tt,1) and degree of superheating (ΔTsuperheat) on ηthermal,cycle, ηstage,ts and dmax. Clearly there exists an optimum inlettemperatureofabout353KasincreasingTt,1 from310Kto423K.AsTt,1increased, the rotor inlet density (ρ4) increased leading to smaller b4 based on the conservation of mass and consequently smaller r3 was achieved (Equation 3-27). In addition, with constant 𝑚̇ 𝒘𝒇, larger values of Tt,1 resulted in larger turbine inlet density (ρ1) and smaller A1 and r1 according to Equations Equation 5-23 and 5-24. The accumulative effects of these two parameters (reduction in r3 and r1) reduced dmax as shown in Figure 5-9(c). In contrast, increasing Tt,1 had negative effects on ηthermal,cycle and ηstage,ts with the maximum reduction of 1.5% and 6.8% respectively. 179 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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