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CHAPTER 6: Three-Dimensional CFD Optimization of the Dual-Stage Organic RIT 6.2.1. Design of experiments (DOE) DOE is a technique used to scientifically determine the location of sampling points. DOE locates the sampling points such that the space of random input parameters is explored in the most efficient way, or obtains the required information with a minimum number of sampling points (Montgomery 2006). Sample points in efficient locations will not only reduce the required number of sampling points, but also increase the accuracy of the Meta-model that is obtained from the results of the sampling points. In other words, DOE provides a database of information to the Meta-model about the dependency of the performance on the geometric changes (i.e. variation of the rotor blade shape). The most time consuming step in the optimization procedure is the creation of database samples. Therefore, it is vital to create the smallest possible database that contains the maximum amount of information about the whole design space with minimal redundancy while including the impact of every design parameter (Xi), but only once. Figure 6-2 presents the sampling points for three DOE methods namely Monte Carlo sampling, Latin hypercube sampling and optimal space filling sampling (OSF). Clearly, Monte Carlo method is not as efficient as the other two methods as there are sample points with shared rows and columns so that the effect of each parameter is included more than one time in the database (redundancy of data). In contrast, Latin hypercube sampling which is an advanced form of the Monte Carlo avoids clustering of the samples and assures no two points share the same value (i.e. no shared rows or columns) as depicted in Figure 6-2. OSF is the Latin hypercube sampling that is extended with post-processing to distribute the design parameters equally throughout the design space with the objective of gaining the maximum insight with the fewest number of points (no shared rows or columns) as illustrated in Figure 6-2. Therefore, OSF was selected as the DOE method for the creation of the database during the CFD optimization. 220 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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