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CHAPTER 6: Three-Dimensional CFD Optimization of the Dual-Stage Organic RIT As it is evident in Figure 6-36, both the volute and return channel were designed with high aerodynamic performance as they provided the flow at correct incidence angle and uniform flow around the periphery of the nozzles in both stages. There is no evidence of severe flow separation anywhere in the stage and the flow is preferential and smooth. The contours of the total pressure in Figure 6-37 illustrates that the pressure drop is distributed between the two stages while the entropy distribution shows fairly low losses in majority of the dual-stage turbine. Moreover, the volume rendering of the Mach number across the stage (Figure 6-38) ensures that there is no evidence of choking in the volute and return channel and thus no performance deterioration. Furthermore, the Mach number level at the interspace channel in both stages is slightly above unity due to the detailed CFD design of the interspaces as discussed previously but with entirely negligible effect on the performance. The off-design performance prediction of the optimized dual-stage organic RIT was performed using the CFD model shown in Figure 6-35 by varying the rotational speed from 40% to 100% of the design speed (60078.24rpm) while the expansion ratio was varied from 3 to 8.22. The results of such simulations are presented in Figure 6-39. The maximum turbine efficiency of 87.12% was achieved at the design point with the rotational speed of 60078rpm and expansion ratio of 8.22 as presented in Figure 6-39(a). Such value is slightly lower than the efficiency of each stage individually due to small pressure losses in the volute and return channel. Moreover, the turbine exhibited fairly uniform performance over a wide range of expansion ratios and at each rotational speed. Such characteristic underlines the high aerodynamic performance of the developed turbine even under off-design operating conditions. Furthermore, as the rotational speed decreased the turbine efficiency reduced as well. The turbine at the design point was running very close to the choking conditions due to the low speed of sound for R245fa as 259 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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