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4.3 Turbine Blade Aerodynamics of counter-rotating vortices. At the merging point, the clockwise pressure side leg vortex is larger and stronger compared to the smaller suction side leg vortex. Note that the vortices remain close to the endwall from the leading edge location to their merger location half way through the passage. The time-averaged vortex structures, as shown in figure 10, are obtained at a pitchwise plane near the leading edge for a much higher Reynolds number than that used for the flow visualization25. Even though the blade geometries are different for the data in figures 9 and 10, the basic structure of the vortices such as the sense of rotation and relative locations are similar. The positive axial vorticity in figure 10 signifies a clockwise rotation of the pressure side leg vortex, while the negative axial vorticity indicates a counter-clockwise rotation of the suction side leg vortex. The small vortex located at the edge of the pressure side and rotating counter-clockwise is termed as the pressure side leading edge corner vortex in Wang, et al. 26. This vortex is induced by the leading edge horse-shoe vortex and driven along the pressure side leg vortex. Passage vortex and induced vortices: The passage vortex is comprised of the pressure side leg vortex and suction side leg vortex as these vortex legs approach and merge with each other nearly half-way into the passage and along the suction side of the blade. This is shown as a counter- rotating vortex pair at location D in Fig. 9. As the pressure side leg vortex is much larger and stronger compared to the suction side leg vortex when they meet, the sense of rotation of the passage is considered be the same as the rotation of the pressure side leg vortex. The passage vortex remain close the suction surface of the blade as it is driven toward the passage exit by the cross flow and pressure gradient along the passage. Figure 11 shows the passage vortex formation in the same passage as in figure. 9 at locations downstream of plane D. The suction side is located on the left hand side in the flow visualization images27 in figure 11. At locations E and F, the passage vortex Vp is rotating counter-clockwise while the suction side leg vortex Vsh is rotating clockwise as they are viewed opposite from the main flow direction. As both the vortices funnel boundary layer fluid and main flow toward their centers, the passage vortex gradually grows larger in size and lifts above the endwall as it travels along the suction surface toward the passage exit. The passage vortex movement toward the mid-span is caused primarily by the spanwise pressure gradient in the boundary layer on the suction surface. Because of this movement of the passage vortex and as the endwall boundary layer fluid is wrapped around the passage vortex, the endwall boundary layer becomes skewed and thicker toward the suction side. The suction side leg vortex wraps around the passage vortex as it travels along with it. This is evidenced in the flow visualization in figure 11. At location E, the suction side leg vortex Vsh is located at the top right hand corner of the Vp. At the downstream F location, Vsh moves to the left side of the Vp. At the passage exit, a study in Wang, et al. shows that Vsh moves around further and is located at the passage vortex bottom part near the suction surface28. In the plane F of figure 11, the small clockwise rotating vortex Vwip located adjacent to the suction surface and above the passage vortex is termed as the wall vortex. This vortex is formed by the strong induction of the passage vortex and Fig. 10. Velocity vectors and axial vorticity representing pressure side leg vortex and suction side leg vortex near LE. VpLc=pressure side LE corner vortex and ωx=axial vorticity. Source: See Note 25. Fig. 11. Flow visualization of passage vortex and induced vortices. Source: See Note 9. 370PDF Image | Turbine Blade Aerodynamics
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