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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 1st stage turbine Recuperator Evaporator 7 3. Turbine preliminary mean- 2 3 4 Condenser Pump G Generator 2 stage nd turbine 6 5 Fig. 2. The recuperative ORC schematic diagram. The initial and crucial step in the whole of turbine design is the preliminary mean-line design (PD); it is a one-dimensional flow analysis and approximation at the mean radius of the turbine stage. Therefore, it can be classified as a low-fidelity model; it needs the implementation of correlations to predict losses, turbine performance and blade geometry. In the PD, the flow at the mid-span of the blade passage is assumed uniform and unidirectional by only focusing on the conditions at the inlet and outlet of each blade passage, regardless of the specifics of the blade geometry. Based on these simplifications, the PD model allows a quick evaluation of the turbine’s performance, thermodynamic process and flow at the inlet and exit of the blade passage throughout the velocity triangles. Thus, PD analysis can deliver initial realistic assessments of turbine performance and layout in terms velocity triangles, blade geometry and height, number of blades and turbine size. Turbine efficiency and pressure ratio are significantly affecting the ORC system’s performance. A single-stage turbine has a typical maximum pressure ratio of around 4 (Balje, 1981); thus, under high-pressure ratio operation, the design of a two-stage turbine can compensate for this limitation/drawback. 3.1 Axial-flow turbine (AFT) design The turbine’s dimensions and blade geometry (blade chord, throat width, blade pitch and number of blades, blade thickness at leading and trailing edges) are delivered from the PD of the axial-flow turbine (AFT) as detailed by Wilson and Korakianitis (2014). Three dimensionless parameters namely the degree of reaction (Rn), flow () and loading () coefficients are applied to estimate the initial turbine efficiency and obtain the velocity triangles of the blade’s passage, as presented in equations (6) and (7) (Japikse and Baines, 1994; Moustapha et al., 2003). As can be seen in Fig. 3, the fluid enters the stator by the flow angle (α1) and absolute velocity (C1) line design (PD) 8PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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