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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT a) R245fa b) R141b c) isopentane Fig. 19. Pressure distribution contour for two-stage axial turbine configuration for three working fluids. 7. ORC system results The global performance of the turbine in terms of isentropic efficiency and power output, delivered from 3D CFD analysis for each turbine configuration and working fluid at nominal operating conditions (Table 2), are inserted as input parameters in the ORC system modelling (i.e. equations 1-5) to obtain an accurate ORC system performance in terms of the ORC’s thermal efficiency, as shown in Figs. 20 and 21. The turbine performance (efficiency and power) is dynamically obtained based on the PD model and then by 3D CFD analysis with thermodynamic operating conditions for each working fluid. As shown in Fig. 20, the maximum ORC thermal efficiency was from the two-stage axial and radial-outflow turbine configuration with values of 13.96% and 12.80%, compared to 10.39%, 10.75% and 9.84% for the single-stage axial, radial-inflow and radial- outflow configurations with the working fluid R245fa. It is evident that increasing the mass flow rate and inlet temperature of the working fluid leads to an increase in the ORC system’s thermal efficiency. In all turbine configurations, a higher ORC thermal efficiency was achieved with an increase in the mass flow rate of the working fluid; which leads to an increase in the power output from the turbine. Fig. 21a,b depicts that R245fa has the best ORC system performance in terms of thermal cycle efficiency for all turbine configurations, compared with R141b and isopentane at the operating design conditions from Table 5. The evaluation of the second law efficiency for the ORC is revealed in Fig. 21b at nominal design conditions (Table 26PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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