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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 8. Conclusions This work developed a novel, efficient, small-scale single and two-stage configurations for axial, radial- inflow and outflow turbines for a low-temperature heat source and low-power ORC system (<20 kW). In this paper, new performance maps for different small-scale turbine configurations were delivered based on the integrated methodology of the PD, 3D CFD analysis and ORC modelling using REFPROP and real gas formulations of the three working fluids used. The turbine performance maps were generated for different turbine configurations, including single and two stages. The results exhibited that the configurations of the two-stage axial and radial-outflow turbines showed a considerably higher turbine performance compared to the single-stage configuration at high pressure ratio. The maximum overall isentropic efficiency and power output of the two-stage configuration for the axial and radial- outflow turbines was 84.64% and 15.798 kW for the axial turbine and 82.90% and 14.331 kW for the radial- outflow turbine, with the working fluid R245fa. The maximum ORC thermal efficiency for the two-stage axial and radial-outflow was 13.96% and 12.80% respectively; compared to 10.39%, 10.75% and 9.84% for the single-stage axial, radial-inflow and radial-outflow turbines respectively, with the working fluid R245fa. The results also indicated that the developed small-scale two-stage turbine can be used for a low-temperature (<100 °C) heat source with mass flow rates ranging between 0.1 and 0.5 kg/s for various organic fluids, namely R245fa, R141b and isopentane. These results highlight the potential of using a two-stage turbine configuration to enhance the performance of a small-scale ORC system with low-grade heat sources. Furthermore, these performance maps can provide a good base for selecting a suitable turbine’s configuration for the relevant small-scale ORC system driven by low-temperature heat sources. Furthermore, this paper is better than other relevant literature due to considering three types of turbines in single and two stage configuration which showed the effects of turbine performance of each configuration on the ORC thermal efficiency with different operating conditions and working fluids. Eventually, 3D CFD optimization integrated with structural analysis will be developed and applied on these turbines’ configurations to improve the peromance of the turbine and ORC system. Acknowledgement The main author (Ayad M. Al Jubori) gratefully acknowledges the Iraqi ministry of higher education and scientific research/University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq for funding the PhD scholarship at the University of Birmingham, UK. 28PDF Image | turbine configuration for low-power organic Rankine cycle
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