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Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 22 Energies 2019, 12, 2x7F9O1 R PEER REVIEW 44off 22 Figure 1. Schematics of the bidirectional turbine and initial outflow turbine geometries. Figure 1. Schematics of the bidirectional turbine and initial outflow turbine geometries. Figure 1. Schematics of the bidirectional turbine and initial outflow turbine geometries. A parametric 3D model of the initial turbine geometry was generated using the CAESES A parametric 3D model of the initial turbine geometry was generated using the CAESES A parametric 3D model of the initial turbine geometry was generated using the CAESES software [36]. Selection of the base geometry for the rotor blade needed to be done regarding software [36]. Selection of the base geometry for the rotor blade needed to be done regarding some software [36]. Selection of the base geometry for the rotor blade needed to be done regarding some some specific characteristics of the turbine. To ensure acceptable conversion of the input power, specific characteristics of the turbine. To ensure acceptable conversion of the input power, an specific characteristics of the turbine. To ensure acceptable conversion of the input power, an an asymmetric blade profile with highly flexible curves in the suction and pressure sides was needed. asymmetric blade profile with highly flexible curves in the suction and pressure sides was needed. asymmetric blade profile with highly flexible curves in the suction and pressure sides was needed. Therefore, a base blade profile with 11 design variables was created using the software database [36]. Therefore, a base blade profile with 11 design variables was created using the software database [36]. Therefore, a base blade profile with 11 design variables was created using the software database [36]. This parametric blade shape could offer enough flexibility to create a large design space by varying a This parametric blade shape could offer enough flexibility to create a large design space by varying This parametric blade shape could offer enough flexibility to create a large design space by varying large set of parameters. However, the computational cost and simulation time were directly associated a large set of parameters. However, the computational cost and simulation time were directly a large set of parameters. However, the computational cost and simulation time were directly with the number of input parameters. Therefore, to reduce the computational cost, the optimisation associated with the number of input parameters. Therefore, to reduce the computational cost, the associated with the number of input parameters. Therefore, to reduce the computational cost, the study was focused on the shape of the rotor blades and their adjustment with the guide vanes. Among optimisation study was focused on the shape of the rotor blades and their adjustment with the guide optimisation study was focused on the shape of the rotor blades and their adjustment with the guide the parameters available to control the blade’s 2D profile, six parameters were chosen [37,38]. These vanes. Among the parameters available to control the blade’s 2D profile, six parameters were chosen vanes. Among the parameters available to control the blade’s 2D profile, six parameters were chosen parameters were the leading-edge radius (LE Radius), chord length, pressure side radius (PS Radius), [37,38]. These parameters were the leading-edge radius (LE Radius), chord length, pressure side [37,38]. These parameters were the leading-edge radius (LE Radius), chord length, pressure side leading-edge angle (LE angle), stagger angle and trailing edge angle (TE angle). Figure 2 illustrates radius (PS Radius), leading-edge angle (LE angle), stagger angle and trailing edge angle (TE angle). radius (PS Radius), leading-edge angle (LE angle), stagger angle and trailing edge angle (TE angle). these parameters in the parametric blade profile. In addition to the blade profile, the setting angle of Figure 2 illustrates these parameters in the parametric blade profile. In addition to the blade profile, Figure 2 illustrates these parameters in the parametric blade profile. In addition to the blade profile, the upstream guide vanes (GV Angle) was included in the input parameters list. Table 2 determines the setting angle of the upstream guide vanes (GV Angle) was included in the input parameters list. the setting angle of the upstream guide vanes (GV Angle) was included in the input parameters list. the lower and upper bounds of the input parameters and their values in the reference design (the initial Table 2 determines the lower and upper bounds of the input parameters and their values in the Table 2 determines the lower and upper bounds of the input parameters and their values in the outflow turbine geometry). reference design (the initial outflow turbine geometry). reference design (the initial outflow turbine geometry). FiFgiugruere2.2I.llIullsutrsatrtaiotinonofotfhtehpeaprarmametetresrussuesdedinincrceraetaiotinonofotfhteheblbaldaedeprporfoilfiel.e. Figure 2. Illustration of the parameters used in creation of the blade profile.PDF Image | Unidirectional Radial-Air-Turbine OWC Wave Energy Converters
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