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Energies 2019, 12, 2791 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 22 16 of 22 5000 4000 3000 2000 VIEW 1000 5000 4000 500 1000 1400 2000 5000 8000 11000 0 Inflow outflow Inflow Δ0 (Pa) Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER RE 16 of 22 turbine configurations. 2000 1000 3000 Figure 19. Comparison of the total pressuoruetfclohwange across the rotor of the outflow and inflow turbine Figure 19. Comparison of the total pressure change across the rotor of the outflow and inflow configurations. To investigate the inflow and outflow turbine configurations in further details, three terms of As Figures 18 and 19 illustrate, the performance plot of the outflow turbine is comparable to that the energy transfer associated with changes in absolute velocity, blade speed and relative velocity are of the inflow turbine. Also, the total0pressure across the outflow rotor is very close to that of the inflow definedas 500 1000 1400 2000 5000 8000 11000 rotor over the whole range of turbine pressure drops. (V2 −V2) (U2 −U2)Δ0 (Pa) (W2 −W2) (W2 −W2) Toinvestigatetheinflo2wa1ndoutflowtu2rbine1 configurations2infu1rtherd1etail2s,t,hreetermsofthe Term1 = , Term2 = , Term3 = − = Figure 19. Comparison of the total pressure change across the rotor of the outflow and inflow turbine (8) 2222 energy transfer associated with changes in absolute velocity, blade speed and relative velocity are configurations. definedasComparisonof 1 isillustratedinFigure20,whichshowsthattheoutflowturbineprovides a higher change in absolute kinetic energy compared to the inflow turbine over the whole range of To investigate the inflow and outflow turbine configurations in further details, three terms of 22222222 pressure differen(tVials−. IVt ca)n be describe(dUby−thUe g)eometrical featu(rWes o−f tWhe )outflo(wWtu−rbWine,)which the energy transfer associated with changes in absolute velocity, blade speed and relative velocity are Term1= 2 1 ,Term2= 2 1 ,Term3=− 2 1 = 1 2 , (8) causes a higher change in dynamic pressure across the rotor. A comparison of the air absolute velocity defined as 2222 at the inlet and outlet of each rotor is shown in Figure 21, which shows higher absolute velocities of 22222222 Comparison of Term(1Vis−ilVlus)trated in F(Uigu−rUe 2)0, which sho(Wws−thWat)the(Wout−flWow) turbine provides 21 21 2112 theoutflowtuTrebrinme1d=esigncomp,aTrerdmto2t=heinflowtu,rbTienrem.A3s=il−lustratedinF=igure22a, ,2 ref(e8r)s 2222 a higher change in absolute kinetic energy compared to the inflow turbine over the whole range of to the change in centrifugal energy is constant for each turbine. This term is negative for the outflow pressuturerbdiniffe edrueentioaltsh.eIcthcangebeindreasdciruisbefodrbthyethfleowgedoimrecetiroinc.alfeat3ur(eFsigoufrteh2e2ob)uitsflothwe ctuharnbgineei,nwhich Comparisonof 1 isillustratedinFigure20,whichshowsthattheoutflowturbineprovides causesraealhahtigivgheherekricnhceahtniacgnegnieneriagnbydsowyluhnitacemhkicniepttiiracellseysnuienrcgeryeaacsoreomsspsbaytrhetehdertorattoihsre. Aoinffclporwemsstpuarrbeisndoernoopov, efprtehtahekesawirnhaotbhleseormalunidtgede lvoeef locity rparnegsesuarneddtihffenrernetdiaulsc.eIst actanhibgeh-dpersecsrsiubered dbryotphevagleuoems.eCtroicmalpfaeraetdurteos tohfethineflouwtflcoownftiugrubrianteio, nw, hthiceh at the inlet and outlet of each rotor is shown in Figure 21, which shows higher absolute velocities of the ocuatuflsoews athuirgbhineer chaasnagefaisntedryrneasmpoicnpseretsosuvraeriactrionsstohfetrhoitsovr.eAlocoitmy pcoamrispoonnoefnthaenadirraebascohleustenvegelaoticvitey outflow turbine design compared to the inflow turbine. As illustrated in Figure 22a, Term2 refers to vaatluthees iantlpetreasnsduroeudtlieffteoref netaicahlsrhoitgohreirs tshaonw6n00in0 PFaig. uGren2e1ra, lwlyh,ichsho1wasffheicgthsetrheabcshoalnugte vineldoycnitaiems iocf the change in centrifugal energy is constant for each turbine. This term is negative for the outflow ptrhesosurteflothwrotugrbhintheedmesaicghnincoem, wphairledtothe2inafnlodwturbi3nea.fAfesctiltlhuestsrtatteidc pinreFsisgurreec2h2an,gesacr2osrsetfheres turbine due to the change in radius for the flow direction. Term3 (Figure 22b) is the change in relative rtotothr.eItchwaansgfeouincdefnrtormifutghaisl aenearlygsyisisocfothnestoauntfflorwetaucrhbtiunerbtihnaet., Talhthisotuegrmh, is nega2tinvegfaotrivtheelyoauftffelcotws kinetic energy which initially increases by the raise of pressure drop, peaks in the middle range and tthuerbeineergdyuteratnostfhere, tcheanimgeprinovreamdieunstsforf theflo1wanddirection3. comp3en(sFaitgeufroer 2t2hbe) niesgtahteivcehpaonrgteionin thenreadnducpersovaitdheiagchce-ptraebslseutroetadlprorepssvuarleuaecsr.osCsothmeproatroerdfotroththeespinecfliofiwedcoopnerfiagtiuornatliroan,gtehoefothuistflstouwdyt.urbine relative kinetic energy which initially increases by the raise of pressure drop, peaks in the middle has a farasntegre raensdpothnesne rteodvuacreisaatitohnisgho-fptrhesisuvrelodcroitpy vcaolmueps.oCneonmtpanreddrteoacthesinfleogwatcivonefvigaulruaetisoant, pthressure 6000 differentials higher than 6000 Pa. Generally, Term1 affects the change in dynamic pressure through 5000 Inflow outflow turbine has a faster response to variations of this velocity component and reaches negative values at pressure differentials higher than 6000 Pa. Generally, 1 affects the change in dynamic the machine, while Term2 and Term3 affect the static pressure changes across the rotor. It was found pressurethroughthemachine,while 2 and 3 affectthestaticpressurechangesacrossthe 4000 Outflow from this analysis of the outflow turbine that, although, Term2 negatively affects the energy transfer, rotor. It was found from this analysis of the outflow turbine that, although, 2 negatively affects theimprovementsofTerm1a30n0d0 Term3compensateforthenegativeportionandprovideacceptable the energy transfer, the improvements of 1 and 3 compensate for the negative portion total pressure across the rotor for the specified operational range of this study. and provide acceptable to2t0a0l0pressure across the rotor for the specified operational range of this study. 1000 6000 0 5000 0 4000 00 elo 10000 12000 on of the 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 Δ0 (Pa) 8000 Inflow 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 120 Outflow Δ0 (Pa) energy transfer 1 (changes in absolute v and inflow turbines. Figure 20. Comparis city) of the outflow Figure 20. Comparison of the energy transfer 1 (changes in absolute velocity) of the outflow Figure 20. Comparison of the energy transfer Term1 (changes in absolute velocity) of the outflow and inflow turbines. and inflow turbines. Term 1 (m2/s2) Term 1 (m2/s2) ΔP (Pa) ΔP (Pa)PDF Image | Unidirectional Radial-Air-Turbine OWC Wave Energy Converters
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