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Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 22 Energies 2019, 12, 2791 19 of 22 radial turbine in [22] is design-optimised to work in a twin-turbine OWC concept, when maximum turbine in [22] is design-optimised to work in a twin-turbine OWC concept, when maximum efficiency efficiency in the direct mode and maximum backflow prevention in the reverse mode are desired. in the direct mode and maximum backflow prevention in the reverse mode are desired. However, However, this comparison highlights that a peak efficiency of over 70% can be expected for this type this comparison highlights that a peak efficiency of over 70% can be expected for this type of turbine, of turbine, by focusing on the design optimisation to a single flow direction. The optimum outflow by focusing on the design optimisation to a single flow direction. The optimum outflow turbine also turbine also provides comparable efficiency to the axial turbine (the axial turbine with optimum provides comparable efficiency to the axial turbine (the axial turbine with optimum solidity in the solidity in the direct mode) in [16], with almost 2% lower peak efficiency and slightly narrower direct mode) in [16], with almost 2% lower peak efficiency and slightly narrower operational range. operational range. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 φ Outflow Radial Axial Figure 25. Comparison of the efficiency (total to static) of the optimum outflow turbine with the existing Figure 25. Comparison of the efficiency (total to static) of the optimum outflow turbine with the radial [22] and axial turbines [16]. (Vertical axis: turbine efficiency, Horizontal axis: flow coefficient). existing radial [22] and axial turbines [16]. (Vertical axis: turbine efficiency, Horizontal axis: flow coefficient). 7. Conclusions 7. CoAncdluesigonsoptimisation study was performed to maximize the total to static efficiency of a centrifugal radial turbine (also called outflow turbine). Seven CAD parameters were used as the design variables A design optimisation study was performed to maximize the total to static efficiency of a and their effects on the turbine performance were analysed. The optimum outflow turbine obtained centrifugal radial turbine (also called outflow turbine). Seven CAD parameters were used as the 30% higher efficiency than the reference geometry. Although changes to a combination of parameters design variables and their effects on the turbine performance were analysed. The optimum outflow have led to the optimum turbine geometry, the LE angle was found to be the most sensitive parameter, turbine obtained 30% higher efficiency than the reference geometry. Although changes to a followed by the GV angle, TE angle and the chord length. Therefore, from the point of view of the combination of parameters have led to the optimum turbine geometry, the LE angle was found to be authors, including these parameters in future optimisations can lead to a more accurate exploration the most sensitive parameter, followed by the GV angle, TE angle and the chord length. Therefore, of the optimum rotor design. The performance of the optimum outflow turbine was evaluated in from the point of view of the authors, including these parameters in future optimisations can lead to a transient model and close results were obtained compared to the MRF model. This comparison a more accurate exploration of the optimum rotor design. The performance of the optimum outflow revealed that using the steady model to conduct the optimisation studies of this research was a reliable turbine was evaluated in a transient model and close results were obtained compared to the MRF approach with a lower computational cost. model. This comparison revealed that using the steady model to conduct the optimisation studies of The energy transfer of the optimum centrifugal turbine was compared to an optimum centripetal this research was a reliable approach with a lower computational cost. alternative. It was found that change of the rotor radius causes a negative centrifugal energy transfer, The energy transfer of the optimum centrifugal turbine was compared to an optimum centripetal however, this configuration provides a significant change of the dynamic pressure across the rotor. alternative. It was found that change of the rotor radius causes a negative centrifugal energy transfer, Thus, the total pressure changes across the turbine maintained comparable efficiency to that of a however, this configuration provides a significant change of the dynamic pressure across the rotor. previously optimised centripetal inflow radial turbine. Thus, the total pressure changes across the turbine maintained comparable efficiency to that of a The optimised outflow radial turbine obtained 72% peak efficiency (in steady-state), highlighting previously optimised centripetal inflow radial turbine. its comparability with the unidirectional axial alternatives in the field. There are other parameters that The optimised outflow radial turbine obtained 72% peak efficiency (in steady-state), can affect the shape of the rotor and the flow passage between two rotor blades such as the number of highlighting its comparability with the unidirectional axial alternatives in the field. There are other rotor blades and solidity. These parameters were not included in the list of input parameters of this parameters that can affect the shape of the rotor and the flow passage between two rotor blades such research. Thus, it is recommended to investigate their potential effects on the efficiency of the turbine as the number of rotor blades and solidity. These parameters were not included in the list of input methodology, N.A. and A.H.; software, N.A. and S.S.K.; validation, N.A. and S.S.K.; formal analysis, N.A.; AinuvtehsotirgaCtoionnt,riNb.uAti.;ornes:ouTrhcesa,uNth.Ao.r,sAc.oF.natrnidbuAte.Hd.;indatthaiscusrtautdioyn,aNs.fAol.l;owrsit.incogn-ocreipgtiunalidzaratifotnp,reNp.aAr.ataionnd,NA.FA.;.; and the turbine-chamber interactions. parameters of this research. Thus, it is recommended to investigate their potential effects on the efficiency of the turbine and the turbine-chamber interactions. Author Contributions: The authors contributed in this study as follows. conceptualization, N.A. and A.F.; writing-review & editing, A.F., S.C. and A.H.; visualization, A.N. and S.S.K.; supervision, A.F., A.H. and S.C.; methodology, N.A. and A.H.; software, N.A. and S.S.K.; validation, N.A. and S.S.K.; formal analysis, N.A.; project administration, N.A.; funding acquisition, N.A. investigation, N.A.; resources, N.A., A.F. and A.H.; data curation, N.A.; writing-original draft preparation, N.A.; wFurintidnign-gre: vTihewis r&esedairtcinhgw, Aas.Fin.,tSe.rCn.aallnydfuAn.Hde.;dvbisyutahliezaUtinoinv,erAs.iNty. oafnTdaSs.mS.aKn.;iasupnedrevristihoen,TAas.mF.,aAni.aHn. GanraddSu.Cat.e; Research Scholarship (TGRS) scheme. project administration, N.A.; funding acquisition, N.A. ηPDF Image | Unidirectional Radial-Air-Turbine OWC Wave Energy Converters
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