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absolute, a maximal evaporating pressure of 12 bar can be reached using R1233zd while it is limited to 11.5 bar absolute with R245fa. 4.6. Potential of improvement In average over the 66 measurement points, the global effi- ciency of the turbine-generator set is around 28%. Consequently there seems to be a large potential of improvement regarding this first prototype, which is initially devoted to be integrated in an on board WHR system. Combining this performance with the efficiency of the pump system varying between 29% and 42%, this leads to a cycle effi- ciency reaching 1.8%. However, the pump system efficiency takes into account the losses of the frequency drive and of the electric motor, which is the weakness of the overall effectiveness (more details on the efficiency and the losses distribution of pump sys- tems can be found in [27]). Therefore, the pump system considered in this study could not be integrated in the on board WHR system. Indeed, in addition to its low efficiency at part load, the electric motor is simply to heavy. The latter should be replaced or a mechanical coupling between the pump and the shaft the truck engine could be envisaged. Nonetheless, even if a mechanical effi- ciency of 90% could be achieved, thus rising the pump system effi- ciency up to 89%, the ORC efficiency would only reach 2.5%. Accordingly, the effort to increase the cycle efficiency should be place on the turbine-generator set. The pump put aside, increasing the global efficiency of the turbine-generator set requires initially to identify and dissociate the different sources of losses of the system. First the system can be seen as a combination of three subsys- tems that are the turbine, the bearings system and the generator (Fig. 14). Thus the previously defined overall turbine efficiency (6) can be split into: the turbine static-to-static efficiency (7), the efficiency of the bearings system (8), the conversion efficiency of the generator (9). These efficiencies can be evaluated (and linked to the overall turbine efficiency (10)) based on the first law of thermodynamics. Indeed, the temperature, pressure and mass flow rate of work- ing fluid are measured at the inlet and outlet of each of the three subsystems. Starting from the electrical power produced by the generator, the conversion efficiency of the generator can be evalu- ated assuming that all the losses taking place in this subsystem are dissipated in heat which is entirely transferred to the cooling fluid. In the same way, the efficiency of the bearings system can be then evaluated. The internal losses of the bearings system are assumed to be dissipated in heat which is transferred entirely to the lubricant. In addition, the heat exchanged by convection from the fluid expanded in the turbine to the bearings lubricant has to be taken into account. This heat transfer is assumed not affecting L. Guillaume et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 11 Fig. 13. Comparison between the turbine isentropic efficiency as a function of the pressure ratio for both condensing pressure levels and both fluids. Fig. 14. Schematics of the three subsystems constituting the turbine-generator set. Please cite this article in press as: Guillaume L et al. Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.012PDF Image | WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integrated
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