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14 L. Guillaume et al. / Applied Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Based on the sensors installed on the rig, the different mass flow rates are known as well as the different temperature and pressure levels at the inlet and outlet of the turbine, the bearings and the generator. The corresponding enthalpy values can therefore be cal- culated. The electrical power produced being also measured, expressing the energy balance over the turbine result finally in estimating the remaining unknown of the previous equations sys- tem, the ambient losses of the turbine. These ambient losses are presented in Fig. 18 as a function of the pressure ratio. On this fig- ure, a part of the mean values of the ambient losses appear to be negative, even if they are close to 0. This is explained by the high sensitivity of the heat balance (12) with respect to the turbine inlet temperature. Indeed, the measurement accuracy (0.5 K) of the type-T thermocouples is enough to explain the uncertainties of ±200 [W] in average on the ambient losses presented on the same figure. Taking this fact into account, the energy balance on the tur- bine appears therefore correct and the measurements can be trusted. Another remarkable fact is the spread of the ambient losses when the pressure ratio is increasing. The increase of the ambient losses is obviously linked to the inlet temperature of the turbine, which is, for a given overheating, increasing with the inlet pres- sure. However, a fixed pressure ratio value, the spread of he ambi- ent losses is explained by different rotational speed and lubrication flow rates. Indeed, a high rotational speed and a low lubrication flow rate lead to higher temperature of the turbine and reversely. Appendix B. T–s diagrams See Figs. 19 and 20. Fig. 18. Resulting ambient heat losses from the energy balance over the turbine. Fig. 19. Performance comparison for optimized pressure levels: T–s diagram of the cycle for both fluids. Please cite this article in press as: Guillaume L et al. Performance of a radial-inflow turbine integrated in an ORC system and designed for a WHR on truck application: An experimental comparison between R245fa and R1233zd. Appl Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.012PDF Image | WHR on truck ORC radial inflow turbine integrated
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