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8 Thomas Tartière et al. / Energy Procedia 129 (2017) 2–9 Thomas Tartière / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7 significantly decreased with the construction of many small plants by ORC manufacturers like TriOgen, Electratherm, Calnetix and Zuccato. The biomass market has experienced the most stable evolution thanks to the possibility to replicate the same design in different plants that allows Turboden to commercialize off-the-shelf ORCs. In addition, this market has been largely driven by financial incentives in central Europe that are favorable to 1 MW plants. Larger units (up to 8 MW) also became more common since 2012. Geothermal Waste heat recovery Biomass 50 40 30 20 10 0 150 8 6 4 2 0 200 15 10 5 0 500 400 300 200 100 Small size Large size 20 15 150 10 100 550 100 50 000 0.05.52 2 5 5101015152020252530303535404045455050 0.5 1 2.5 5 100 1000 2 3 5 6 7 8 18 0 0.50.51 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 Unit size, MW Unit size, kW Fig. 5. At the top, evolution of ORC unit size divided by application: colored area defines maximum and minimum unit size per year while the line depicts the average installed size. Bar charts at the bottom show the distribution of plants versus the unit size for the three fields considered. 3.3. Transcritical technology Apart for a 500 kW unit built by Turboden in 2012 for Enel in Italy [14], transcritical cycles have only been implemented commercially by TAS for three geothermal projects in the USA: Neal Hot Springs (23.4 MW, 2010), San Emidio (8 MW, 2010), and Patua (76 MW, 2011). Therefore, in spite of a strong research interest showing the interest of supercritical heating to match the heat source temperature gradient, there is no clear sign of commercial development of transcritical applications, especially in the recent years. 3.4. ORC market financial evaluation Comparing the available information about financial revenue from Turboden (2002 to 2010) [15] and ORMAT (2012 to 2015) [16] to their actual installed capacity over the same period gives an average ratio between $1410/kW (ORMAT) and $1580/kW (Turboden). Therefore, it is possible to estimate the total value of the ORC market to be between $359 million and $402 million per year in 2016. This includes only the sales of equipment and direct engineering services, excluding complementary revenues such as electricity or heat generation, exploration and subsurface engineering for geothermal projects. Small ORC units have a much higher cost per kW, but units less than 500 kW do not represent more than 2% of the total installed capacity and can be neglected. 4. ORC Market geographical breakdown The United States has the largest installed capacity per country, followed by Turkey and New Zealand. These three countries benefit from abundant geothermal resources. Germany, Austria, Italy and Canada are the most important for biomass applications, due to the combination of available resources and favorable incentives. Fig 7 gives the geographical breakdown of the new ORC projects that have been built in 2016 or that are currently in construction. We can see that most of the new geothermal development is focused on Turkey, with 257 Unit size, MW Unit size, MW 0.0005 0.001 0.0025 0.005 0.1 1 1975 1984 1988 1991 1994 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2 3 5 6 7 8 18 Number of plant per size range Unit size, MW Number of plant per size range Unit size, MW Number of plant per size range Unit size, MW 1975 1984 1988 1991 1994 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 1975 1984 1988 1991 1994 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016PDF Image | World Overview of the Organic Rankine Cycle Market
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