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ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 Introduction and Theory of Operation NEED FOR ENERGY STORAGE Storage is essential for electricity consumers where power quality and reliability is critical, such as at airports, broadcasting operations, hospitals, financial services, data centers, telecommunications, and many finely tuned industrial processes. For grid systems that have a significant amount of renewable generation, a means to provide ancillary services is necessary to ensure power quality. Alaska has a number of isolated power systems that rely on diesel generators, wind turbines, or a combination of both. Hybrid wind-diesel systems, especially the high penetration types, require some spinning reserve component to ensure power quality. Generally speaking, it is relatively difficult for the conventional generator to keep good power quality in a closed grid because the generator output cannot follow the demand change quickly. Developing the means to manage intermittent electricity generation from wind power has been a key challenge for grid operators. Whereas most power networks in the lower 48 have various solutions in dealing with grid imbalances caused by wind e.g., network interconnection and demand management, energy storage remains the most viable alternative for wind-diesel systems in Alaska. Storage also incurs energy losses, around 20-50% depending on the technology, which can put a dent in generating revenues. Energy loss during any of the conversion phases and during storage poses problems. Energy storage technologies are not an alternative to any particular resource decision, but rather, a valuable adjunct to all resources, and they allow increased capacity to be derived from any given quantity of physical resources. The goal for energy storage technologies is to stockpile massive amounts of energy by transforming it into different but conveniently stored forms. Storage systems rely on three key components: • An input energy-conversion module that receives energy from the grid and converts it to a storable form • An energy-storage module that warehouses the energy, and • An output-conversion module that turns the stored energy back into electricity. Lead-acid batteries represent the most prevalent form of electric energy storage for residential, commercial and industrial customers wanting to maintain an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. However, storing massive amounts of energy from renewable resources requires rechargeable systems, like flow batteries. ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 1 | A C E PPDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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