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ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 FUNDAMENTALS OF VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERY SYSTEMS History of the Development of Flow Batteries Full-scale development of the batteries started in the 1970s. The principle of the redox flow (RF) battery system was presented by L. H. Thaller of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 19741. NASA mainly conducted research on the Fe/Cr system, discontinuing it in 1984 with the publication of the Final Report2. At the same time in Japan, the Electrotechnical Lab. (ETL; currently the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) was conducting basic research, and the development of the Fe/Cr system made progress as a project of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Flow batteries suitable for large scale energy storage have currently been developed at various organizations around the world. The Vanadium type of flow battery has become a mature technology – this is a rechargeable flow battery that employs vanadium redox couples in both half-cells, thereby eliminating the problem of cross contamination by diffusion of ions across the membrane. Although the use of vanadium redox couples in flow batteries had been suggested earlier by Pissoort3, by NASA researchers, and by Pellegri and Spaziante4 in 1978, the first successful demonstration and commercial development was by Prof Maria Skyllas-Kazacos and co-workers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia in the 1980's5,6. UNSW proceeded to develop the vanadium redox battery and patented it7,8 – this resembled the present form (with sulfuric acid electrolytes). It is noteworthy that vanadium resources are abundantly available in Australia. 1 L. H. Thaller, “Electrically Rechargeable Redox Flow Cells,” Proc. Of the 9th IECEC, P.924 (1974). 2 N. H. Hagedorn, “NASA Redox Storage System Development Project Final Report,” DOE/NASA/12726-24, NASA TM-83677 (1984). 3 P. A. Pissoort, in FR Patent 754065 (1933). 4 A. Pelligri and P. M. Spaziante, in GB Patent 2030349 (1978), to Oronzio de Nori Impianti Elettrochimici S.p.A. 5 B. Sun, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, “A Study of the V(II)/V(III) Redox Couple for Redox Cell Application,” J. of Power Sources, 15, P.179-190 (1985) 6 M. Rychcik and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, “Characteristics of a new all-vanadium redox flow battery,” Journal of Power Sources, 22, P.59-67, 1988. 7 M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik, and R. Robins, in AU Patent 575247 (1986), to Unisearch Ltd. 8 M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychick, R. Robins, All-vanadium redox battery, US Patent 4,786,567 (November 1988). ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 2 | A C E P Flow batteries date back to the 19th century. They are best described as: ‘...a form of battery in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electro-active species flows through a power cell / reactor in which chemical energy is converted to electricity.PDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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