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I. Introduction High levels of renewable energy penetration in the grid (>60%) are likely to be impractical without the development of complementary strategies to combat intermittency and meet demand, such as integration of energy storage [1,2]. No single technology can economically perform the vast array of grid services that, among other factors, vary in response and discharge timescales as well as total capacity requirements, necessitating a diverse portfolio of solutions [3,4]. In particular, one of the main characteristics of an energy storage system (and a term that will be used throughout this thesis) is the duration – defined as the ratio of the energy capacity over power rating (in units of time) – and this metric is used in determining what applications a battery technology is suited for. While much attention has been given to lithium(Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their relatively advanced development, it may not be a cost-competitive solution for all grid services, particularly emerging longer-duration applications, presenting a growing need to advance new electrochemical technologies for these purposes. Among the various energy storage technologies under development, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an emerging solution for long duration (i.e., > 4 hours), stationary applications as their system architecture offers a number of unique advantages [3,5]. The RFB is one type of electrochemical storage device, which generally utilize the potential difference between two reduction/oxidation (or “redox”) reactions to drive chemical reactions, thus converting electrical energy to and from chemical energy. In the RFB architecture in particular, electrolyte (i.e., the charge-storing capacity, usually in the liquid phase) is stored in tanks and pumped through the reactor where electrochemical reactions occur. This open architecture (i.e., the physical separation of the electrolyte and the reactor components) decouples energy and power: one can scale the energy capacity (e.g., by increasing the tank size) independently of the power rating (e.g., the reactor size can stay fixed), or vice versa, meaning that RFBs can be designed for virtually any duration. This process of scaling the electrolyte tanks to meet longer durations, while keeping all else fixed, is depicted pictorially in Figure I-1 below. This decoupling is a unique and distinct feature from many conventional battery technologies (e.g., LIBs) that facilitates a number of unique economic benefits, including the decrease of capital costs on a per unit energy basis at increasing durations 9PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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