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into a contemporary flow-cell architecture. There is an inherent tradeoff between improving (i.e., increasing) selectivity and worsening (i.e., increasing) resistivity, and thus high selectivity typically results in large ohmic resistance; for example, Allcorn et al. measured a resistance of ~90 Ω-cm2 for their 1.1 mm thick ceramic membrane (using a symmetric ferro-/ferri-cyanide chemistry) [115]. The total area-specific resistance (ASR) of a state-of-the-art RFB cell is mostly ohmic resistances, plus some minor contributions from kinetic and transport losses. Therefore, these large resistances not only represent significant performance losses, but they also have major economic consequences since they substantially impact power density, efficiency, and ultimately the cost of the reactor (the power delivered per unit area of reactor is inversely proportional to ASR [61]). The price of these membranes is also uncertain; although there is a sizable body of literature on ceramic membranes for water-treatment applications, a subset of which focus on the development of low-cost options ranging from as low as 25 $ m-2 to 500 $ m-2 [148–152]. At present, it is not clear how relevant these estimates are to the material sets conducive to use in RFBs, as application-specific design criteria vary (e.g., flexibility, conductivity, chemical compatibility, etc.). While the lower bounds of the cost and ASR for SIC membranes have yet to be determined, one may use techno-economic analyses to estimate what values these parameters would need to be in order to present a competitive solution for RFBs. We estimate the LCOS as a function of ASR (Figure III-4), which, as mentioned previously, linearly scales the reactor cost. We use the inputs for the infinite-lifetime species in Table III-1, as SIC membranes are most effective for chemistries which experience losses that are dominated by crossover, and accordingly assume zero capacity fade (i.e., negligible capacity loss from non-crossover sources). We then vary the SIC membrane price between 100 and 300 $/m2, which is within the range seen in water treatment literature and comparable to the present-day cost of Nafion [6,17]. We also vary two critical chemistry- dependent parameters: active species cost (Figure III-4a) and cell potential (Figure III-4b). We find that LCOS is not particularly sensitive to active species cost and is more sensitive to membrane price, which makes sense as the reactor cost dominates the capital cost at high ASRs such that changes to electrolyte cost have a relatively small impact on both the capital cost and the LCOS. This is also why we find a strong LCOS sensitivity to cell potential (U), which scales both reactor costs (∝ U-2) and energy costs (∝ U-1). Thus, higher cell potentials can, at least partially, offset elevated cell ASRs. Reducing the measured ASR to ~15 Ω-cm2 in RFB cells employing SIC 60PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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