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membranes, a 6x reduction from published reports [115], may be technically achievable, but a viable implementation also requires a moderate cost for the SIC membrane (i.e., ~100 $ m-2) and a high voltage redox chemistry (i.e., ≥3 V). Such requirements likely necessitate the use of non- aqueous electrolytes, a subfield of RFB research that has not yet broadly demonstrated such technical capabilities [153] but is still nascent and expected to grow. Furthermore, such high ASRs create physical complications: a cell with an ASR of 15 Ω-cm2 would require 30× the area of a conventional cell configuration with a polymeric membrane like Nafion (~0.5 Ω-cm2, for aqueous systems) for a given power output and chemistry, which is a substantial increase to the reactor footprint that must be considered. This may be less of an issue for long-duration applications, as the energy-capacity components increasingly dominate the system configuration. While the design space presented here suggests what a successful SIC membrane might look like, further studies of SIC membranes for RFBs, with particular focus on understanding tradeoffs between resistance, cost, and mechanical stability, are needed to more completely assess the viability of this approach. 450 400 350 300 250 2001 2 3 ASR (Ohm-cm2) 4 1200 1000 800 600 400 5 200 5 10 15 20 25 ASR (Ohm-cm2) a)Active species SIC membrane Vanadium cost ($/kg) 2 price ($/m ) 1 100 5 300 15 b) Potential (V) 1.5 2.5 3.5 SIC membrane 2 Vanadium price ($/m ) 100 300 Figure III-4 – LCOS as a function of the cell ASR, with membrane price (line colors), and active species cost (a, left) or potential (b, right) (line styles) as variable parameters. The left plot assumes a cell potential of 1.5 V, and the right plot assumes an active species cost of 5 $ kg-1. The baseline LCOS of vanadium (assuming a potential of 1.4 V, ASR of 0.5 ohm-cm2, active species cost of ~30 $ kg-1, and membrane cost of 300 $ m-2) is plotted in blue. 61 LCOS ($/MWh) LCOS ($/MWh)PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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