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4. Conclusions The desire for and research of potentially-inexpensive RFB chemistries has been growing in response to financial concerns around the cost of vanadium active species in the most mature RFB chemistry, the VRFB. However, these options present more challenges to consider beyond the alteration in cost of the electrolyte or even the kinetic, thermodynamic, and mass transport challenges of these new chemistries. As many of these new chemistries are asymmetric, the methods and associated costs of asymmetric capacity-loss remediation must be explored to determine if the complications that arise from cross-contamination outweigh the reduced capital cost relative to the more easily remediable VRFB. Accordingly, we have adapted our LCOS model, used in previous work for VRFBs, to evaluate two classes of asymmetric chemistries: those using active species of finite and infinite lifetimes. Finite-lifetime chemistries, often employing organic active species, primarily suffer capacity losses from active species decay, necessitating their periodic replacement. This can be achieved by performing total electrolyte replacement, or by selectively separating out and replacing or reusing the decayed species. We found that the separations route is substantially more economically effective, but only if such processes can be executed with low enough costs, and the LCOS of these systems is highly sensitive to the electrolyte cost and decay rate. We estimate that the cost to separate/recover/reuse should be limited to ≤10 $ kWh-1, and future work should explore electrolyte separation and recovery methods to better assess the feasibility of this target. This analysis has revealed an opportunity for chemical-manufacturing companies who may be uniquely positioned to design organic redox active species with decay remediation in mind as a key design criterion. Infinite-lifetime species primarily suffer capacity losses from crossover, which can be remediated by making the chemistry pseudo-symmetric via the spectator strategy or avoided altogether with the use of perfectly selective separators. The spectator strategy, which employs mixed electrolytes, is only effective if the species are stable in their opposing half-cell’s environments and if the resulting decrease in energy density and the increase in required active material do not increase the electrolyte cost above that of other potential symmetric chemistries like the VRFB; this requires active species with relatively low active species costs and/or equivalent weights (≤15 $ kg-1 for active species ~50 grams per mole, or ≤5 $ kg-1 for active species ~150 grams per mole). We found that the Fe- Cr system, which has not been as widely studied or improved upon as compared to VRFBs, is a promising candidate chemistry for effective use of the spectator strategy to reduce the capital cost 62PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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