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Figure IV-2 – 2020 global annual production (y-axis) versus global resources (x-axis) of vanadium, elements widely used in current Li-ion battery technologies, and minerals common to emerging energy storage technologies (in units of metric tons) [164,165]. The color of each element’s market corresponds to the production concentration (i.e., the percent of production coming from the top-producing country), as measured by the color bar. REE and PGM refers to rare earth elements and platinum group metals, respectively. Note: the global “reserves” (fraction of total resources that are currently economically recoverable) is used as the x-axis input for REEs, as total resources were not reported. While vanadium resources may not be scarce, their abundance is confounded by highly concentrated production that can cause market instability and insecurity that translates into high and volatile prices. The percent of total production coming from the top-producing country is represented by the marker color of each element in Figure IV-2. Vanadium production is one of the most highly concentrated, with 62% of production originating from one country (exceeded only by cobalt at 68%), as compared to the most abundant and produced minerals like sulfur, for example, for which the leading country is only responsible for 22% of global production. 67PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
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