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employment of economic hedging strategies. We believe these analyses can inform and drive the broader-scale deployment of RFBs. 2. Current landscape of the global vanadium supply chain A first step in exploring the availability and supply chain of vanadium is to review data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) on the global production and resources levels for vanadium and other elements utilized in various battery technologies (Figure IV-2) [49,50]. Here, “global resources” are defined as the amount of a geologic commodity that exists in both discovered and undiscovered deposits (i.e., a “best guess”), though this value is generally an underestimation and often grows with demand and interest in a particular material (as demonstrated by the notable relationship between resources and production quantities across the minerals shown in Figure IV-2). Vanadium is considered relatively abundant and has multiple orders of magnitude greater global resources as compared to scarce materials such as platinum group metals (PGMs, common catalysts in clean energy conversion and storage technologies). The world production and resources of vanadium are similar to those for critical LIB materials (i.e., lithium, cobalt, and, to a lesser extent, nickel), though these elements are one or more orders of magnitude less abundant than elements like sulfur, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, which are the focus of many next-generation battery chemistries [40,51,52]. 66PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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