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architecture of RFBs is that we could feasibly consider switching out chemistries in the long-term, especially if the electrolyte is leased (as is becoming increasingly popular for vanadium systems). Electrolyte leasing is an example of a larger takeaway from my thesis, which is that other disciplines (e.g., policy, investment strategies, etc.) are crucial for overcoming the hurdles RFBs face for broadscale deployment. Thus, my recommendation for follow-up work is to start integrating the findings from this thesis with considerations in other disciplines to more holistically find solutions that will drive investment and deployment. For example, government efforts could help de-risk RFBs and simultaneously drive down stack costs. Newer technologies like the RFB that are technically ready for deployment (i.e., the VRFB) are struggling to compete with Li-ion at such low production volumes, as the only real demand for them is long-duration grid applications, which are very nascent markets. This “chicken and the egg” problem may not be solved in the private sector alone, but rather may require government intervention to support technology de-risking and cost reductions of these nascent storage solutions. Generally, there is a need for someone to test and support (via direct procurement) large- scale demonstrations. One avenue to execute this could be through government funding of extramural, commercial demonstration projects, as was previously done via the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Presently, a lot of funding for demonstration projects out of the DOE is coming from the Office of Electricity’s Energy Storage (OE-ES) program. However, this funding has mostly gone to national labs and has not been offered via open solicitations, which would involve the private sector and may accelerate progress. Further, the government could develop a dedicated program for downstream grid storage demonstrations that have shown promise in many of their earlier, development-phase programs (e.g., ARPA-E). The recent SCALEUP (Seeding Critical Advances for Leading Energy technologies with Untapped Potential) program at ARPA-E partly addresses this need [237]. Thankfully, the cost curve relative to production scale looks steep for RFBs. Utilizing an open, “sandwich” type architecture, each individual stack component is fairly simple in design, and all together are easily assembled. Currently, RFB companies remain small and seem to be reinventing the wheel each time, sourcing their own stack parts at small volumes. Centralization of these efforts would significantly increase production volumes and reduce cost. The hesitancy around such an approach likely lies in companies’ desire to keep IP and a competitive advantage. For some stack parts, such reservations can be more easily overcame due to their ubiquity and simplicity (e.g., end 108PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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