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1 Introduction Additionally, 15-35% of the stored energy is required to compress or liquefy the hydrogen, to enable higher energy density. Therefore, the resulting round trip efficiency is typically around 30% [22]. Due to the low round trip efficiency, the difference in price between the electricity used to produce hydrogen and the electricity produced when the hydrogen is converted back to water, must be significant. There appears to be no obvious solution to this problem, as the highest possible level of efficiency is set by the thermodynamic limit, at 83% [23]. The upper level of efficiency is not achievable in practice, as there will always be losses associated with the redox reaction overpotentials and electrical resistance within the cell. Energy and Power The different technologies previously mentioned have varying levels of energy and power density, governed by the chemical and physical processes behind their operation. The relative values for these characteristics can be viewed together, (Figure 1.3). Figure 1.3: Energy and power density of various storage technologies, adapted from [24]. 6PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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