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1 Introduction Li-ion and Fuel cells are towards the higher end for energy and power density, thus they are the natural choice for mobile transport applications [10]. The power and energy density of VRB is well below that of Li-ion, by approximately a factor of 1,000 and 10 respectively. However, the energy density of VRFB is around 10 times greater than PHES, which is the most common form of grid level storage, highlighting that in stationary applications energy density is not a critical parameter. The different forms of energy storage have varying characteristics, in particular rated power output and stored energy differ by storage type, (Figure 1.4). Figure 1.4: Power and energy scale of different storage technologies, adapted from [18]. Technologies shown to the top right of the graph can store large quantities of energy and meet high power demands. The relative position of different technologies on Figure 1.4 does not determine whether one technology is superior to another, it does however indicate the limitations of different technologies. Of note, PHS and CAES both have low power and energy density, but due to the large physical size of typical projects, higher levels of absolute power and energy are achievable. Li-Ion covers a larger area of the graph, indicating that it is suitable for use in a wide range of applications. Like Li-Ion, VRB have a wide range of applications, but tend to be used for longer time periods due to the low cost of energy storage and relatively higher cost of power capacity. 7PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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