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3 Electrode modifications Chemical and Thermal Surface Treatments Chemical and thermal surface treatments are commonly used and have been extensively studied. Thermal and chemical treatments in particular can be easily carried out, often requiring only one step and minimal preparation, making them very suitable for use on an industrial scale. Chemical modifications are typically achieved through exposure to concentrated acids which oxidise and acidify the surface. Electrochemical treatment can accelerate surface modifications, by applying highly oxidising and or reducing potentials to the electrodes. Thermal treatments are often carried out in an air atmosphere at a range of temperatures, as the presence of oxygen means the formation of oxygen groups at the carbon surface can be achieved, although inert atmospheres are also occasionally used. Inherent Kinetics An alkaline mediated hydrothermal process was applied to a carbon cloth, increasing the number of oxygen containing functional groups. The increase in functional groups did not change the surface area, as the increase in capacitance that was observed was attributed to pseudo-capacitance from redox reactions of quinone / hydroquinone groups on the surface. From cyclic voltammetry little to no change in peak separation for the VO2+ / VO2+ reaction was observed, but there was a noticeable decrease in peak separation for the V2+ / V3+ reaction [120]. 33PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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