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3 Electrode modifications Chemical treatment of carbon fibers was carried out by boiling graphite felt in highly concentrated solutions of sulphuric acid, nitric acid and mixtures of both acids for 3 to 15 hours [121]. The felts treated with sulphuric acid alone had the lowest cell resistance, with the improvement in performance attributed to the formation of oxygen functional groups at the surface. The functional groups C-OH and C=OH were observed via XPS and the following 3- step reaction mechanism was proposed, Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: Reaction mechanism proposed by [121] to explain the improved kinetic performance of a sulphuric acid treated graphite felt electrode. The increase in surface oxygen functional groups may have also increased the felt hydrophilicity and subsequently the electroactive surface area. Electrochemical pre-treatment of carbon fibers is one method that has been carried out to influence the performance of carbon based electrodes. One such treatment involved cycling carbon fiber micro-electrodes in 1 M Sulfuric acid, with a potential sweep from -1.0 V to 2.0 V vs a saturated calomel electrode at 20 V s-1 for 5 minutes [122]. The potential limits applied enabled the electrode to be oxidised at the higher potentials, before being reduced at the lower potentials [123]. The electrochemical pre-treatment was found to improve the heterogeneous electron transfer rate for the redox reactions of methylene blue [122]. 34PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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