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3 Electrode modifications Structural Modifications Structural modification is a loose term and there will be numerous methods that could be applied to change the surface of carbon based materials. Graphene oxide appears to be a popular material used for surface modifications. Often structural modifications involve a thermal treatment step, which we know from literature can have a significant influence on performance, so it is important to compare modified electrode results to a suitable control. Inherent Kinetics Electrodes were prepared from reduced graphite and graphene oxide; however, it is unclear what porosity or geometry these electrodes exhibited or if they required a support. The graphene obtained from thermal reduction of graphene oxide exhibited better kinetic performance than graphene obtained from exfoliation. The improved performance was credited to higher electronic conductivity and more residual oxygen functional groups as active reaction sites [131]. Mesoporous carbon was dispersion coated using a sol-gel process onto PAN-based carbon felt and subsequently annealed at 900 to 1100 °C. The sol-gel coating increased the surface area and the number of oxygen containing surface functional groups. There was a significant increase in peak currents for the positive electrode reaction on the mesoporous carbon felts, relative to a thermally treated carbon felt (420 oC for 3 h). This increase was attributed to the higher surface area of up to 9.5 times the thermally treated felt. However, the thermally treated felt had a smaller charge transfer resistance as measured by EIS and thus there is likely a difference in inherent kinetics between the mesoporous surface and the thermally treated carbon felt. Additionally, the mesoporous felt may have had lower electronic conductivity, further reducing the performance [132]. 38PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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