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8 Half – cell performance of Carbon Felt Samples During discharging it is assumed there are no side reactions, this is a reasonable assumption as during discharging the potential at the positive will be insufficient thermodynamically to split water. The applied potential at the negative electrode will be less than 0.26 V below the standard reduction potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction, an insignificant amount of hydrogen should be formed at the negative electrode during discharging. Vanadium crossover through the ion exchange membrane during charge / discharge cycling can influence the coulombic and hence energy efficiency of the cell. V3+ ions have the highest transference number and hence are likely to have the highest rate of cross-over through the membrane, whilst VO2+ ions have the lowest [225]. When the vanadium ions cross over during the discharging step, the coulombic efficiency is reduced. This is because the applied potential at the positive electrode will oxidise the V2+ and V3+ ions that cross over from the negative electrolyte, whilst at the negative electrode the applied potential will reduce the VO2+ and VO2+ ions that cross over from the positive electrolyte. This reduces the coulombic efficiency, as during discharging the dominant reaction at the positive electrode is the reduction of VO2+ to VO2+ and at the negative electrode it is the oxidation of V2+ to V3+. 112PDF Image | Electron Transfer Kinetics in Redox Flow Batteries
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