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338 Min-Young Kim et al. / J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol., 2021, 12(3), 330-338 In summary, it was found that the CB-EVA cell by References carbon black coating increases CE, and CNT-EVA cell by CNT coating increases VE. In addition, it is very interesting that the contact resistance and the through resistance affect the efficiency characteristics of the VRB cells differently. 4. Conclusions A non-woven sheet based on EVA (ethylene-vinyl- acetate) material was used as an adhesive film between the electrode and the bipolar plate, and then CB-AVA and CNT-EVA films were fabricated by coating carbon black or CNT to give conductivity on hot melt wire, including bare EVA film without any coating. Through the microstructure analysis of the adhesive film sheet, surface morphology of the nonwoven hot melt wire was observed, and the coating status of carbon black and CNT was well observed. To examine the effect of the coating composition of the hotmelt wire, the through resistance was measured on the bare EVA film and coating films at 25oC. That is, Among the samples, through resistance of CNT-EVA, contact resistance of CNT-EVA film were lowest value, respectively. As a result of evaluation by applying each adhesive film to VRB single cells, the energy efficiency was obtained as 83.83% and 83.89% for the CB-EVA and CNT-EVA cells, respectively. In conclusion, it was found that CB-EVA film has an effect on Coulombic efficiency (CE) and CNT-EVA film has an effect on increasing voltage efficiency (VE) on VRBs. These results remind us that the CB-EVA film is related to the through resistance (voltage efficiency) and the CNT-EVA film is related to the reduction effect of the contact resistance (coulombic efficiency). Acknowledgments This study has been conducted with the support of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as “Smart Wellness care project (kitech EO-20-0010)” and the Energy R&D program (No. 20152000000350) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, Republic of Korea. [1] C. Ponce de Léon, A. Frías-Ferrer, J. González-García, D.A. Szánto, F.C. Walsh, J. Power Sources., 2006, 160(1), 716-732. [2] Z. Yang, J. Zhang, M.C.W. Kintner-Meyer, X. Lu, D. Choi, J. P. Lemmon, J. Liu, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111(5), 3577-3613. [3] W. Wang, Q. Luo, B. Li, K. Wei, L. Li, Z. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23(8), 970-986. [4] E. Sum, M. Rychcik, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, J. Power Sources., 1985, 16(2), 85-95. [5] M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M.Rychick, R. Robins, US Patent 5,665,212, Nov. 1988. [6] P.Zhao,H.Zhang,H.Zhou,J.Chen,S.Gao,B.Yi, J. Power Sources., 2006, 162(2), 1416-1420. [7] K. Lourenssen, J. Williams, F. Ahmadpour, R. Clemmer, S. Tasnim, J. Energy Storage., 2019, 25, 100844. [8] T-C. Chang, J-P. Zhang, Y-K. Fuh, J. Power Sources., 2014, 245, 66-75. [9] S-K. Park, J. Shim, J.H. Yang, C-S. Jin, B.S. Lee, Y-S. Lee, K-H. Shin, J-D. Jeon, Electrochim Acta., 2014, 116, 447-452. [10] K. Oh, S. Won, H. Ju, Electrochim. Acta., 2015, 181, 13-23. [11] M. Kazacos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1989, 136(9), 2759-2760. [12] S. Zhong, M. Kazacos, R.P. Burford, et al., J. Power Sources., 1991, 36(1), 29-43. [13] V. Haddadi-Asl, M. Kazacos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, J. Appl. Electrochem., 1995, 25(1), 29-33. [14] V. Haddadi-Asl, M.Kazacos, M.S. Kazacos, S. Zhong, US Patent 5,665,212, Sep. 1997. [15] P. Qian, H. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Wen, Q. Luo, Z. Liu, D. You and B. Yi, J. Power Sources., 2008, 175(1), 613- 620. [16] T. J. Davies, J. J. Tummino, C—Journal of Carbon Research., 2018, 4(1), 8. [17] T. H. Noh, M. Y. Kim, D. H. Kim, S. H. Yang, J. H. Lee, H. S. Park, H. S. Noh, M. S. Lee, H. S. Kim, J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol., 2017, 8(2), 155-161. [18] L. D. Brown, T. P. Neville, R. Jervis, T. J. Mason, P. R. Shearing, D.J.L. Brett, J. Energy Storage., 2016, 8, 91- 98. [19] R.L. Borup, N.E. Vanderborgh, Mater Res Soc Symp Proc., 1995, 393, 151-155. [20] S. Joseph, J. C, McClure, R. Chinelli, P. Pich, P. J Sebastian, Int. J. Hydro. Ener., 2005, 30(12), 1339-1344. [21] Y. Wang, S. Zhang, Z. Lu, P. Wang, X. Ji, and W. Li, RSC Adv., 2018, 8(35), 19426-19431. [22] R. Yeetsorn, W. P. Ouajai, and K. Onyu, RSC Adv., 2020, 10(41), 24330-24342. [23] W. Liao, F. Jiang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhou, Z. He, Renew Energy., 2020, 152, 1310-1316.PDF Image | Energy Efficiency Improvement of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
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