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Section 8.7 Voltage-dependent FRCS – the stack voltage controller 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 70 60 50 40 30 a) Tank SoC 21 a) Tank SoC Without VC With VC b) Stack voltage c) Stack flow rate Without VC With VC 20 19 18 17 16 b) Stack voltage 15 44.4 c) Stack flow rate 0 2 4 6 8 Time in h 44.2 44 70 60 50 40 Flow rate in Lmin-1 Voltage in V SoC in % Flow rate in Lmin-1 Voltage in V SoC in % Figure 8-9: Demonstrating the stack voltage controller 30 100 105 110 115 Time in min Figure 8-10: Zoom into the demonstration of the stack voltage controller To illustrate the function of the superimposed voltage controller, a charging/discharging cycle is simulated with the nominal current of 200 A for the innovative variable FRCS with and without the stack voltage controller, as show in Figure 8-9. After 110.9 min, the stack voltage hits the lower set point during the pre-discharging cycle, as shown in Figure 8-10. Hence, in the system with voltage control, the stack voltage controller is activated. It quickly ramps up the flow rate to maintain the set-point of the stack voltage of 44.4 V (gray dashed line). Compared to the system without a voltage controller, the stack voltage controller significantly slows down the decay of the stack voltage as long as the nominal capacity of the pump is not fully exploited. As a consequence, the lower voltage limit (gray dotted line) is reached 6.5 min later than without the controller. For the applied discharging current of 200 A and the 40-cell stack, this leads to an additional withdrawn electric charge of 867 Ah, which is an increase of 6.2 % referred to the total withdrawn charge during the pre-discharging process. While the system without the new controller only utilizes 72 % of the pump capacity, the stack voltage controller fully utilizes the capacity of 67.8 Lmin-1 (gray dotted line in Figure 8-10 c)). 132PDF Image | Model-based Design Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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