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608 Amjed Hina Fathima et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 607–614 2 Fathima AH and Palanisamy K/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 Nomenclature k n q Emax Boltzmann constant Number of cell stacks in the VRB battery Elementary charge on an electron Energy capacity of VRB at SOCmax in Wh Faradays constant FI ph Solar induced current in Amps I ph0 Ipump I Solar induced current at r 0 in Amps Ir,Ir0 Is,Is2 Current drawn by circulating pumps in VRB in Amps Incident and Standard irradiation in W/m2 in Amps Saturation current of first and second diodes in Amps Battery Stack current in Amps Quality factors of first and second diodes Gas constant Series and Parallel resistance of PV cell in Ohms Intrinsic resistance of VRB in Ohms Parasitic resistance of VRB in Ohms State of Charge of VRB in % Temperature in oC Standard cell potential in Volts Equilibrium cell voltage for VRB in Volts Stack voltage of VRB in Volts Thermal voltage of PV cell in Volts Istack N,N2 R Rs , Rp Rint Rpar SOC TV Vcell Veq Vstack t Energy storage Systems (ESS) has become indispensable partners of renewable power sources to enable storage of energy at the time of availability to be delivered at the time of load demand. Many forms of energy storages have been developed but Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been the most mature and developed technology available for many decades now [1]. Recent advancements in batteries have led to the development of flow batteries which adopt features like expandability and modularity into conventional electrochemical storage technology. By storing the liquid electrolyte in separate tanks outside the cell body they provide better means of managing their energy capacities. The electrolytes are to be pumped into the cell containing the electrodes when needed. Hence, it enables the system to possess a large energy capacity independent of the power capacities of the cell modules. Different classes of flow batteries are now being proposed like redox batteries, membrane-less batteries and hybrid batteries [2]. Redox batteries, as the name suggests, are characterized by simultaneously occurring oxidation- reduction reactions in the electrodes of the battery cell. Many redox batteries like iron-chromium flow battery, vanadium redox flow battery and zinc-bromide flow battery etc. have been developed. In this study, a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRB) has been selected because it is the most promising of all redox batteries with long lifetime and is appreciable energy capacity without any heating problems. With recent reports claiming extraction of Vanadium from oil sludge [3] and fly ash etc., they have become an attractive option for grid-connected applications. Alotto et al. [4] detailed a review on redox flow batteries, sketching their development and future state of the art. Earlier models of VRB [5,6,7] parameterised its stack voltages, voltage losses, and parasitic current losses etc. but each of these studies was either inefficient in modelling transient responses or were complex with extensivePDF Image | Operation of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery for PV
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