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HO BQDS O O HO3S SO3H HO OO DBEAQ O HO AQDS OO O OH DHAQ HOP O OO Figure 2.4: Structural formulas and abbreviations of the quinones presen- ted in this chapter. BQDS = 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid, AQDS = 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid, DHAQ = 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone, DBEAQ = 4,4’-((9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl)dioxy)dibutyrate, and DPPEAQ = 2,6- di(3-phosphonic acid)propyl ether anthraquinone. 2.2.2 AQDS The next major work came out in 2014, where a negolyte of 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7- disulphonic acid (AQDS) in 1M H2SO4 was coupled with a posolyte of bromine in hy- drobromic acid [27]. A peak power density of 0.6 W cm−2 at 40 ◦C and 90 % state of charge (SOC) was achieved, together with an average discharge capacity retention of 99.2% per cycle over 10 cycles at 0.5Acm−2. By optimising the system design, which included varying the electrolyte composition, flow rate, operating temperature, membrane thickness, electrode material, and pretreatment thereof to find the best performance, the peak galvanic power density was later raised to 1.0 W cm−2 at 40 ◦C and 90 % SOC [51]. The differential capacity retention was furthermore increased to 99.90 % per cycle over 40 cycles in another study by the same group [52]. This, however, came with the cost of an expected increase in bromine crossover, due to an increase in bromine concentration and opening of the membrane pores caused by the pretreatment. Despite the documented improvements, the capacity fade rate of 0.10%cycle−1 would not allow the system to operate for an extended time period. O O O POH OH DPPEAQ 2.2. Quinone-Based Electrolytes OH O O OH HO3S SO3H OH 11PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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