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3.6. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy are represented in the model by analogue circuit elements (symbols given in bold font throughout this work), which combined form an equivalent circuit model. The basic elements and equivalent circuit models used in this work are presented in the following subsections, followed by a description of how modelling and data validation is carried out. 3.6.1 Circuit Elements 3.6.1.1 Resistor A resistor is the simplest of the circuit elements, as it does not have an imaginary part and is independent of the frequency. It therefore appears as a point on the real axis in a Nyquist plot, as shown in Figure 3.12 (blue marker). Resistors are used to model the series resistance of a cell (where the membrane is usually the main contributor) and the resistance associated with charge transfer from a redox-active species to the electrode surface. The impedance is given by Equation 3.32. ZR(ω) = R (3.32) Figure 3.12: Nyquist plots of the simulated impedance of a resistor (blue marker), capacitor (black line), constant-phase element at various values of n (red lines), and inductor (green line). Notice that the impedance response of a CPE equals that of a capacitor when q = 1. Simulation parameters: fmax = 1MHz, fmin = 1kHz, R = 1Ω, C = 1×10−5 F, Q0 = 1×10−5 Ssq cm−2, q as shown in legends, L = 2×10−7 H, and A = 1cm2. 33PDF Image | Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2023
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