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Energies 2021, 14, 5643 3 of 45 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 48 performance, further optimization of RFBs is a challenging task. The publications made in recent years have focused mainly on new electrolytes, active species, and solvents. Figure 1. Schematic representation of an RFB. Usually, the cell is composed of two current collectors, two bipolar plates, two electrodes, and one membrane as shown in Figure 2. When this is the case, the defining component of the battery is the electrolyte, e.g., a battery with vanadium electrolyte on both tanks is an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Vanadium electrolytes have been widely studied and are well-known, having already been commercialized worldwide. Due to the huge development achieved by this type of RFB, being very close to its peak performance, further optimization of RFBs is a challenging task. The publications made in recent years have focused mainly on new electrolytes, active species, Fanigdurseo1lv. eSnchtse.matic representation of an RFB. Figure 1. Schematic representation of an RFB. Usually, the cell is composed of two current collectors, two bipolar plates, two electrodes, and one membrane as shown in Figure 2. When this is the case, the defining component of the battery is the electrolyte, e.g., a battery with vanadium electrolyte on both tanks is an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Vanadium electrolytes have been widely studied and are well-known, having already been commercialized worldwide. Due to the huge development achieved by this type of RFB, being very close to its peak performance, further optimization of RFBs is a challenging task. The publications made in recent years have focused mainly on new electrolytes, active species, and solvents. Figure 2. Components of an RFB’s cell. Figure 2. Components of an RFB’s cell. The field of RFB has reached an advanced level of development and the proof of that The field of RFB has reached an advanced level of development and the proof of that is the huge number of articles reported in the last few decades, i.e., 10,284 since 2000. The is the huge number of articles reported in the last few decades, i.e., 10,284 since 2000. The mentioned number resulted from using the search term ““RFB” or “Vanadium RFB” or mentioned number resulted from using the search term ““RFB” or “Vanadium RFB” or ““flfolowbbaattteerrieiess”””. . Figure 3 shows that tthe number of publiications has been iincreasing over the years, h ho ow we ev ve er r tth he e d de ev ve ello op pm me en ntt b be ettw we ee en n 2 20 00 000 a an nd d 2 20 01 10 0 w wa ass n no ott a as s s siig gn niifif iccaan ntt a ass tth ha att w wh hiicch h c ca an n be observed after 2010.. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of publications tripled, i..e.., f fr ro om m 5 54 4 t to o 1 18 80 0.. T Th he e n nu um mb be er r o of f p pu ub bl li ic ca at ti io on ns s i in n 2 20 02 20 0 i is s a ab bo ou ut t t tw we en nt ty y- -n ni in ne e t ti im me es s t th he e n nu um mb be er r oFofifgttuhroes2e.pCpuoubmbllpiisohnedntisino2f20a00n00R..FTBh’sisceiinlnlc.crease iintthenumberoffpublliiccattiionsiisscclleearrllyrreellaatted to the agendas designed for a cleaner environment. Moreover, considering the tendency foundThinetfhieldfirosft RseFmBehsatesrroeaf c2h0e2d1,aint iasdevxapneceteddlethvaetl tohfedneuvmelobpermoefnptuabnldictahtieopnrsowofilol fketheapt insctrheeashinug,esnuugmgebsetirnogftahratticmleosrreerpeosretaerdchinisthbeinlagstpfuerwsudeedcaindethsi,si.fiee.,l1d0a,2n8d4aslisnocseu2g0g0e0s.tTinhge ambeuntdioanetdfunudminbgearvraeisluabltieldityf.rom using the search term ““RFB” or “Vanadium RFB” or “flow batteries””. Figure 3 shows that the number of publications has been increasing over the years, however the development between 2000 and 2010 was not as significant as that which can be observed after 2010. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of publications tripled, i.e., from 54 to 180. The number of publications in 2020 is about twenty-nine times the number of those published in 2000. This increase in the number of publications is clearly relatedPDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
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