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PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack

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PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack ( pnnl-vanadium-redox-flow-battery-stack )

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Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 48 to the agendas designed for a cleaner environment. Moreover, considering the tendency found in the first semester of 2021, it is expected that the number of publications will keep Energies 2021, 14, 5643 4 of 45 increasing, suggesting that more research is being pursued in this field and also suggesting abundant funding availability. Figure 3. Bar chart of scientific publications published from 2000 until 15 July 2021 found in MDPI journals, Royal Society Figure 3. Bar chart of scientific publications published from 2000 until 15 July 2021 found in MDPI journals, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and Science Direct publications using the search term ““RFB” or of Chemistry (RSC), SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and Science Direct publications using the search term ““RFB” or “Vanadium RFB” or “flow batteries””. “Vanadium RFB” or “flow batteries””. Table 1 shows the most representative review articles published since 2006 and it can Table 1 shows the most representative review articles published since 2006 and it be observed that the interest in the study of RFBs is increasing every year, reflecting the can be observed that the interest in the study of RFBs is increasing every year, reflecting urgency to store energy from renewable energy sources and the constant concern for the the urgency to store energy from renewable energy sources and the constant concern environment. Generally, the first published reviews included the explanation of the tech- for the environment. Generally, the first published reviews included the explanation nology and the phenomena associated with it. Over time, new reviews of more specific of the technology and the phenomena associated with it. Over time, new reviews of innovations appeared with the main objective of drawing attention to the problems de- more specific innovations appeared with the main objective of drawing attention to the tected, clearly showing the interest of the research community in optimizing this technol- problems detected, clearly showing the interest of the research community in optimizing ogy. With the growing interest and publication of new ideas, it has become increasingly this technology. With the growing interest and publication of new ideas, it has become difficult to synthesize and organize all the research fronts of RFBs, and so several review increasingly difficult to synthesize and organize all the research fronts of RFBs, and so articles with different focuses have appeared. Additionally, new computer tools based on several review articles with different focuses have appeared. Additionally, new computer mathematical calculations have been included, allowing for the simulation of the behavior tools based on mathematical calculations have been included, allowing for the simulation of ntheewbelheacvtrioarcotfivneeswpecleiecstr,ocaocntfiivgeusrpaeticoines, caonndfimguartaetrioanlss,foarnRdFmBas,teriitahlesrfionrdReFpBesn,deeitnhtelyr oinrdienpaesnsdoecniattliyoonrwinitahsesoxpcieartimonenwtiatlhwexoprke.riTmhenntaulmwboerrko. fTrhevnieuwmsbienrToafbrelevi1ewalsoinshToabwles a1 taelnsodesnhcoywfsoar thenedaednocpytifonr othfeVaRdFoBpstiroanthoefrVthRaFnBostrhaetrhearcthiatnecotuthresr anrcdhittheectnuereds atondcotmhe- pneteedwtoitchoLmi-pioentebwatitehrLieis-,iownhbicahtteariesc,uwrrheincthlyacreoncusirdrernetdlybcyonmsaidneyretodbeytmheanmyotsot pberotmhe- imsionsgtbparottmeriiseisn.gTbhaetteexrpieosn.eTnhteiaelxgpronwetnhtianlrgervoiwewthpinaprevrsiepwubplaispheerdspouvbelristhedlaosvteferwthyeelarsst ifsewnoyteoanrlsyiascnontsoenqluyeanceoonfsethqiusefnacet,obfuthailssofabcet,cbaustealtshoebReFcBaucosenftihgeuRraFtiBoncoinfivogluvreastitohne sinyvnoelrvgeysothfemsuylnteiprgleyfoieflmdsuoltfipslceiefinecledsanodf stceiechnnceolaongdy.teTchenoeloegctyr.oTchemeliescttrryocohfetmheisrterydoxf pthaeirreadnodxiptsacirhaenmdicitaslcshoelumbiiclaitlys,otlhuebicloitryr,othsieocnoorrfobsiponoloafrbpilpaotelasr, tphlaetfelsu,itdhemfleucihdamnieccshoafntihces eolfetchtreoellyetcet,rothlyetter,etahtemterenattamnedntsealnedctisoenlecotfiocnarobfocna-rbbaosned-bmasaetdermiaaltsesruiaclhs sauscehleacstreoledcetsro, adneds, the separation processes performed through a membrane are just some examples of the and the separation processes performed through a membrane are just some examples of the complexity and multidisciplinary aspects of this technology that, ultimately, will be used complexity and multidisciplinary aspects of this technology that, ultimately, will be used for electrotechnical purposes. Therefore, the published review papers are useful not only for electrotechnical purposes. Therefore, the published review papers are useful not only to organize and clarify the main aspects of the technology, but also to engage all necessary to organize and clarify the main aspects of the technology, but also to engage all necessary scientific fields in this complex but promising technology. scientific fields in this complex but promising technology. This section of the article will focus on publications that study electrolytes in RFBs with the same configuration as described before. The three generations of VRFB will be approached, as well as a promising new group of molecules, the polyoxometalates (POM), and the more environmentally friendly organic molecules. Lastly, non-aqueous solvents will also be approached.

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