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Energies 2021, 14, 5643 8 of 45 Table 1. Cont. Year Ref. Authors Ortiz-Martínez Ambrosi and Webster Aberoumand et al. Esan et al. Tempelman et al. Wang et al. Sánchez-Díez et al. Zhang and Sun Emmet and Roberts Symons Aramendia et al. Yuan et al. Discussed Subject Matter 2021 [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [5] [3] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] This work reviewed the advances in the application of ILs in RFBs. The authors showed that most of the studies focused on the use of Ils as supporting electrolytes and the latest studies showed their potential as electroactive species and electrolyte membranes. The review focused on the most commonly used 3D printing fabrication methods as well as on the additive manufacturing technologies for the fabrication of RFB components that were classified according to the electrolyte nature used (i.e., aqueous and non-aqueous solvents). The review focused on VRFB technology methods developed to enhance the performance of the electrode and electrolyte as the main components. The review focused on the modeling and simulation of RFB beyond the all-vanadium, including soluble lead–acid, semisolid, organic, zinc–nickel, zinc–bromine, hydrogen–bromine, sodium–air, and vanadium–cerium flow batteries. A review on the most recent advancements in the structure design and optimization to improve the selectivity and conductivity of membranes. The research progress of insoluble flow batteries was reviewed. The key challenges from the fundamental research point of view and practical application perspectives were compared. A review of the aqueous system technologies that potentially fulfill cost requirements and enable large scale storage. The review focused on iron-based aqueous RFBs. The main achievements were highlightned and it was concluded that there is no “perfect chemistry”. The review focused on the advances in aqueous RFBs with lesser known chemistries than vanadium. The authors expect that these chemistries will become more viable than vanadium due to their lower material costs and less caustic nature. The review focused on the use of quinones for RFBs. It was concluded that most of the development on quinone-based RFBs is far from being commercially viable. The stability of quinones in high potential electrolytes is not enough and the attempts have led to very low overall cell voltages. The studies and numerical models carried out by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques were reviewed. Studies with stacks and approaches for VRFB optimization with CFD based models and different flow field designs to improve the electrochemical performance were discussed. The development of the membranes used in the three types of NA-RFBs were summarized and a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals, classification, and performance of the membranes applied in NA-RFBs was provided.PDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
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