PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 011
Energies 2021, 14, 5643 11 of 45 Year Electrolyte 3.5 M H2SO4 + 1 M V 3 M H2SO4 + 1.5 M V 3 M H2SO4 + 1.5 M V 3 M H2SO4 + 1.5 M V 3 M H2SO4 + 1 M V Electrodes Carbon felt produced using a quench-cracking strategy + graphitization + sulfur doping Carbon felt—6 mm thickness Carbon felt Graphite felt—5 mm thickness Graphite felt—2.2 mm thickness Table 3. Cont. Bipolar Plates Graphite plates with interdigitated flow-fields Graphite plate with cactus-like carbon nanofibers Graphite plates Not specified Graphite plates with serpentine flow-fields Membrane Cast perfluo- rosulfonic acid proton- exchange Nafion 212 Derived from pyridine- containing poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) Hybrid membrane prepared using a casting method Composite with a dense but thin PBI layer and a porous but thick layer of PBI electrospun nanofibers Area Results Ref. (cm2 ) 4 EE = 80.4% @ [94] 500 mA·cm−2 EE = 80% @ 25 160 mA·cm−2 [95] 5 EE = 80.1% @ [96] 180 mA·cm−2 4 EE = 81% @ [97] 160 mA·cm−2 EE = 82% @ 4 150 mA·cm−2 [98] 2021 In the last few years, several manuscripts have reported outstanding results accom- plished in innovative and creative ways to produce, treat, or dope the electrodes. For instance, X. L. Zhou and his team, in 2016, showed a modification of carbon papers by KOH activation of the fibers, achieving 82% energy efficiency at 400 mA cm−2 in charge– discharge cycles [86]. In the same year, L. Wei et al. [85] reported a VRFB with an energy efficiency of 80.1% at 300 mA cm−2 by depositing copper nanoparticles on graphite felt. Two years later, Sun and coworkers proposed a new way to produce carbon-based materi- als with larger surface areas for VRFB, which consisted of electrospinning polyacrylonitrile and polystyrene binary solutions, forming fiber bundles. When these woven nanofibers were tested as prepared in a cell, the group achieved an energy efficiency of 80.1% at 200 mA·cm−2 [88]. By using the electrospinning method, Busacca et al. [91] synthesized a composite material based on nickel manganite and carbon nanofibers that had ca. 80% EE at 200 mA cm−2. The most remarkable VRFB performances reported to date belong to H. R. Jiang and Z. Xu and their coworkers. The former reached an EE of 80.8% at 600 mA cm−2, and the battery was cycled for 20,000 cycles without substantial degradation at the same current density. This was accomplished with a simple treatment in a furnace under ambient air at 500 ◦C for 8 h, followed by electrodeposition of bismuth nanoparticles on the negative graphite felt and the addition of an interdigitated flow field in the battery [92]. Xu and coworkers reported 80.4% EE at 500 mA cm−2 with an average EE loss of 0.01% through 1000 cycles. In this work, they used a quenching–cracking strategy to change the mor- phology of the fibers in the production of carbon felt, followed by graphitization, andPDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
PDF Search Title:
PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery StackOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-05643-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)