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Energies 2021, 14, 5643 22 of 45 Table 5. The most relevant articles reported on NA-RFBs published since 2010. Year 2010 2011 2012 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Active Species Solvent Cr(acac)3 ACN Membrane Type Theoretical Voltage (v) AEM NR CEM NR 90(EE) Efficiency (%) ~21 (EE) 90.4 (CE) - 90 (CE) 92 (CE)/87 (EE) 80 (CE)/40 (VE)/39 (EE) 87 (CE)/44 (EE) 95 (CE)/90 (VE)/85 (EE) 90–100 (CE)/70–81 (VE)/63–81 (EE) 83 (CE) 97.3 (CE)/96.5–90.1 (VE) AEM: 97 (CE)/CEM: 94 (CE) 87.8 (VE)/89.1 (CE)/78.3 (EE) 97.8 (CE) 98.7 (CE)/84.5 (VE)/83.4 (EE) 75 (CE) 90.7 (CE)/80.7 (VE) 96.5 (CE)/94 (VE) 97 (CE) 99 (CE)/71 (VE)/71 (EE) Ref [178] [184] [177] [182] [183] [180] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [175] [196] [196] [197] [198] 53–58 at 50% of SoC (CE) 21–22 at 50% of SoC (EE) 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy/N- Methylphthalimide MnIII (acac)3 Fe(Bpy)3 (BF4)2 /Ni(Bpy)3 (BF4 )2 LiFePO4/LiPF6 3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-ethylphenothiazine/ 2,3,6-trimethylquinoxaline ACN ACN PC EC, DMC AEM 1.1 AEM NR Ceramic solid electrolyte membrane ~3.5 CEM NR CEM 2.2 AEM 2.1 AEM 1.24 Ceramic composite polymer 2.1 electrolyte membrane AEM NR CEM 1.91 CEM 1.94 AEM/CEM 1.8 IEM 2.6 CEM 1.98 AEM NR CEM NR AEM NR AEM 2.66 AEM NR CEM NR PC V(acac)3 ACN [Fe(phen)3 ]2+/3+ /[Co(phen)3]+/2+ Cu2+ /Cu+ /Cu+ /Cu FeCp2/CoCp2 Co(II/I) and Co(III/II) complexes (nickel(II)-1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane) N-ferrocenylphthalimide (FcPI) Fc/TEMPO/[Co(Cp)2 ]PF6 /N-meth 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BzNSN)/2,5-di-tert-butyl-1- methoxy-4-[20-methoxyethoxy]benzene (DBMMB) N-(α-ferrocenyl)ethylphthalimide (Fe(acac)3 /Fc1N112-TFSI (V(acac)3 )/[Ce(Py-O)8 ][Tf2 N]3 Fe(bpy)3 (BF4 )2 /Ni(bpy)3 (BF4 )2 Fe(bpy)3 (BF4 )2 /Fe(bpy)3 (BF4 )2 [C16 H36 N]4 [S2 W18 O62 ]/benzophenone(BP) tetra-aminoanthraquinone ACN ACN DMF, dioxolane ACN EC, PC dioxolane ACN ACN dioxolane ACN ACN PC PC ACN DMSO, ACN Solvents: ACN: acetonitrile; PC: Propylene Carbonate; DMSO: Dimethyl Sulfoxide; EC: Ethylene Carbonate; DMF: Dimethylformamide; DMC: Dimethyl Carbonate. NR: Not Reported.PDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
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