PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 034
Energies 2021, 14, 5643 34 of 45 therefore lower pump losses and higher round trip efficiency. In some cases, it is possible to reduce membrane crossover, allowing for the use of lower resistance membranes or higher performance electrodes. Several studies on electrode optimization have been reported in the last few years, since the electrode treatment plays a major role in the reaction kinetics, which per se dictates the current density. Additionally, screening more efficient materials to use as bipolar plates could lead not only to lower ohmic losses, but additionally might contribute to reducing the manufacturing costs due to the breakability of graphite. Finally, the chemical and physical processes that happen in the electrolyte are complex and controversial, even with the use of the available spectroscopic methods and the use of computational models such as the density functional theory approach. However, computational models will certainly contribute to improvements and, in the short–medium term, allow us to obtain more efficient RFBs, not necessarily through vanadium chemistries. Despite all the literature available and knowledge on the development of VRFBs reported in the last ten years, it is still unknown if this technology will be able to thrive as an indisputable solution for the intermittence problems in the energy grid. Nevertheless, considering all the countless electrochemical devices based on the RFB principle, this manuscript is strong evidence that, in the medium–long term, vanadium is not the only competitive option in the field of RFB technology that is here to stay. Regarding RFBs being an environmentally attractive technology, particular attention must be given to the use of hazardous chemicals and materials, preventing electrolyte leakage in large-scale systems, and the use of biodegradable polymers in stack construction. Moreover, the shortcomings related to the materials degradation and corrosion of electrodes, membranes, and other cell/stack components must be of primary concern. It should also be emphasized that publications addressing RFBs’ environmental compatibility and energy relationship, along with material sustainability, were neither addressed nor reported in detail. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.B.F. and A.M.; introduction, T.A. and R.B.F.; RFB, T.A., H.A. and R.B.F.; VRFBs, I.I.; VRFB G1, T.A.; VRFB G2, I.I.; VRFB G3, I.I.; POMs, H.A. and R.B.F.; organic–aqueous, T.A.; non-aqueous, H.A.; membraneless, I.I.; metal–air, T.A.; zinc–bromine, T.A.; slurry, I.I.; challenges and perspectives, all authors; discussion, all authors; conclusion, R.B.F.; schematics and image adaptation, J.P.S.; review and editing, R.B.F.; supervision, R.B.F. and A.M.; project administration, A.M.; funding acquisition, A.M. The authors T.A. and I.I. contributed equally to the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was financially supported by: Base Funding—UIDB/00511/2020 of the Lab- oratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy—LEPABE—funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). The authors also acknowledge financial support from: (i) projects Baterias 2030 and BluEnergy with the reference numbers POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 046109 and POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046846, respectively, co-funded by the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (COMPETE 2020) under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); (ii) RHAQ/COLAB with the reference NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000182, co-funded by Regional North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Social Fund (ESF). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:PDF Image | PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stack
PDF Search Title:
PNNL Vanadium Redox Flow Battery StackOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-05643-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)