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Progress in low cost redox flow batteries energy storage

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REVIEW National Science Review 4: 91–105, 2017 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nww098 Advance access publication 7 January 2017 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA ∗ Corresponding authors. E-mails: bin.li@pnnl.gov; jun.liu@pnnl.gov Received 31 October 2016; Revised 9 December 2016; Accepted 3 January 2017 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY STORAGE AND BATTERIES Energy storage is a key technology that is becoming more and more important in the energy infrastruc- ture. Currently, approximately 30% of energy con- sumption is in the transportation sector, and 40% of that use is in the form of electricity [1]. The in- creasing supply of electrical energy from renewable resources causes great concerns for the performance and reliability of the electrical grid infrastructure. It is predicted that by 2020, renewable wind and solar resources will supply 12% of electricity in the USA and 20% in Europe [2]. Electrical-energy storage is a powerful tool for improving the flexibility of inte- grating renewable energy into the grid, improving grid reliability, increasing the use of renewable re- sources, extending the service life of the infrastruc- ture and improving power quality. Rechargeable batteries have many applications. As displayed in Fig. 1a [3], a battery is normally made of a cathode and an anode material immersed in an electrolyte. Energy is stored in the electrode materials. Ions are shuttled between the cathode and anode through the electrolyte, while electrons are transported as electrical current through external circuits. Rechargeable secondary batteries are com- monly made of solid-state cathode and anode ma- terials. These include lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, nickel- cadmium batteries, etc. [4,5]. Currently, because of its low cost and wide-ranging applications, the lead- acid battery is the most extensively used technology in the marketplace [6]. However, lead-acid battery technology is limited by shallow charge–discharge capacity, short cycle life and the use of hazardous lead. Li-ion and redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are the two main technologies currently competing with lead-acid battery for future applications. Although there have been many excellent reviews on RFBs, there are still doubts regarding the future of this tech- nology when compared to Li-ion batteries, and ques- tions remain regarding breakthroughs needed to en- able large-scale deployment of RFBs. RFBs Batteries can be made with a range of solid and liq- uid electrode material combinations (Fig. 2). In an MATERIALS SCIENCE Special Topic: Energy Storage Materials Progress and directions in low-cost redox-flow batteries for large-scale energy storage Bin Li∗ and Jun Liu∗ ABSTRACT Compared to lithium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries have attracted widespread attention for long-duration, large-scale energy-storage applications. This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage: reducing the cost of redox-flow battery systems. A high priority is developing aqueous systems with low-cost materials and high-solubility redox chemistries. Highly water-soluble inorganic redox couples are important for developing technologies that can provide high energy densities and low-cost storage. There is also great potential to rationally design organic redox molecules and fine-tune their properties for both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. While many new concepts begin to blur the boundary between traditional batteries and redox-flow batteries, breakthroughs in identifying/developing membranes and separators and in controlling side reactions on electrode surfaces also are needed. Keywords: redox-flow batteries, energy storage, large scale, cost, electrolytes ⃝C TheAuthor(s)2017.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPressonbehalfofChinaSciencePublishing&MediaLtd.Allrightsreserved.Forpermissions,pleasee-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/4/1/91/2866462 by guest on 11 January 2023

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