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CHAPTER 6 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES Leo J. Small, Cy H. Fujimoto, Harry D. Pratt III, Travis M. Anderson, Sandia National Laboratories Abstract Redox flow batteries (RFBs) offer a readily scalable format for grid scale energy storage. This unique class of batteries is composed of energy-storing electrolytes, which are pumped through a power-generating electrochemical cell and into large storage tanks. Despite this common underlying design, a myriad of different electrolyte chemistries and electrochemical cell designs have been investigated, some of which have been successfully commercialized. This chapter reviews state-of-the-art flow battery technologies, along with their potential applications, key limitations, and future growth opportunities. Key Terms anolyte, catholyte, flow battery, membrane, redox flow battery (RFB) 1. Introduction Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a class of batteries well-suited to the demands of grid scale energy storage [1]. As their name suggests, RFBs flow redox-active electrolytes from large storage tanks through an electrochemical cell where power is generated [2, 3]. The electrolytes are specifically designed such that they can be electrochemically reduced (accept electrons) or oxidized (provide electrons) [4]. One tank of the flow battery houses the cathode (catholyte or posolyte), while the other tank houses the anode (anolyte or negolyte). Figure 1 is a schematic of a typical, single cell flow battery used for research and development. Here the catholyte (green) is housed in the tank on the left, while the anolyte (blue) is housed in the tank on the right. These electrolytes are flowed through the serpentine flow field of the electrochemical cell at the center of the figure. The flow field is commonly made from carbon and serves as the current collector as the electrolytes are oxidized and reduced. Adjacent to the flow fields reside porous carbon electrodes, maximizing the contact area with the liquid electrolyte. Between the porous carbon electrodes resides a separator. Typically, the separator is an ion-selective membrane such as Nafion [5, 6] Such membranes enable transport of inert ions necessary to charge-balance the electrochemical reactions, while preventing electronic shorting of the opposing carbon electrodes and physical mixing of anolyte and catholyte. 1PDF Image | REDOX FLOW BATTERIES Chapter 6
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