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The energy density of a RFB is proportional to the cell voltage, but for aqueous electrolytes the voltage is limited by the electrochemical window of water. In light of this, Liu et al. have investigated a non-aqueous electrolyte for application in RFBs [67]. Vanadium(III) acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) was dissolved in acetonitrile with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) as the supporting electrolyte. The stability window for the system was approximately 4 V (-2.5 V to 1.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+) and within this voltage range, analysis of V(acac)3 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed peaks corresponding to V2+/V3+ and V3+/VO2+ redox couples. From the potentials of these reactions, a useful cell potential of 2.2 V for a RFB was calculated. The charge-discharge performance for a non-aqueous V2+/V3+- V3+/VO2+ system was tested in an H-type glass cell. The separation between charging voltage and discharging voltage was around 3 V and coulombic efficiencies CE near 50% were obtained for a 0.01 M V(acac)3 solution. Nonetheless, the 4 V stability window of acetonitrile indicates the higher electrochemical window offered by non-aqueous solvents and it is noteworthy that both the V2+/V3+ and V3+/VO2+ redox couples revert to the same V3+ species upon discharge. This system saw further evaluation focusing on kinetics [106], degradation mechanisms [107] and the influence of different solvents and supporting electrolytes [108,109]. Fig. 6 Cyclic voltammograms recorded at 0.5 V s 1 at a glassy carbon electrode in 0.5 M TEABF4 in CH3CN (dashed line) and 0.01 M V(acac)3 and 0.5 M TEABF4 in CH3CN (solid line). Measurements were taken at room temperature. Reprinted with permission from [106]. (17) (18) Page 25 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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