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The resulting alkaline aqueous RFB exhibited an OCV of 1.2 V and CE and capacity retention reaching 99.7% and 99.98% per cycle, respectively. The alloxazine redox centre demonstrates high electrochemical and chemical stability and high solubility. It was shown in theoretical studies that structural modification such as adding electron-donating groups to the alloxazine could increase the battery voltage. This aza-aromatic molecule undergoes reversible redox reaction in aqueous electrolyte and constitutes a class of radical-free redox- active compounds for application in RFBs with high power density and low costs. 6.9 TEMPO-Based Catholyte for non-aqueous RFBs Although only a catholyte was presented, due to its potential it is included in this review. A lithium hybrid flow battery containing TEMPO, a stable, heterocyclic nitroxide radical, as the organic active material was developed [73]. CVs were conducted in an electrolyte of 0.005 M TEMPO and 1.0 M LiPF6 dissolved in EC/PC/EMC (4:1:5 by weight) and clear redox peaks in the potential range of 2.5 4.0 V of TEMPO were obtained. The peak separation of 61 mV at 10 mV s-1 corresponds to a one-electron-transfer between the nitroxide radical and the oxoammonium cation. Fig. 12 Redox reactions in the negative and positive electrolyte during charge and discharge. The electrochemical performance was tested in a non-aqueous hybrid RFB with a polyethylene-based porous separator. The anode was a hybrid anode consisting of lithium foil and graphite felt and as cathode a graphite felt was used. Both electrodes were compressed by 15%. An additive, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added to protect the Li anode. TEMPO was dissolved in a solution containing EC/PC/EMC (weight ratio of 4:1:5) and LiPF6 as supporting electrolyte. The TEMPO based electrolyte was static within the anode compartment and was not flowed, whereas in the cathode compartment the electrolyte was Page 38 of 63PDF Image | Redox Flow Batteries Concepts Chemistries
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