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Redox flow batteries for energy storage: their promise, achievements and challenges Luis F. Arenas, Carlos Ponce de León*, Frank C. Walsh Electrochemical Engineering Laboratory, Energy Technology Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom * Corresponding author: Ponce de León, Carlos (capla@soton.ac.uk) Abstract Redox flow batteries continue to be developed for utility-scale energy storage applications. Progress on standardisation, safety and recycling regulations as well as financing has helped to improve their commercialisation. The technical progress of redox flow batteries has not considered adequately the significance of electrolyte flow velocity, mass transfer and plug flow reactor modelling, despite steps in the right direction. 3D simulations of fluid flow, pressure drop, current distribution and mechanical resistance using commercial software are becoming more common, but satisfactory validation by experiments is still unusual. The majority of research tends to report short term studies on small electrodes, often in poorly defined flow channels; long term evaluation of electrode and membrane durability on a pilot scale is needed. Digital imaging of electrode structure using X-ray computed tomography is increasingly being used. Much activity is directed to organic and non-aqueous systems. However, scale-up and high, sustained charge capacity using electrolytes of moderate cost which are environmentally acceptable to source, store, transport and handle require considerable attention. Recommendations for future work are discussed. Keywords: electrochemical engineering, energy storage, mathematical modelling, redox flow batteries, state of charge, vanadium (2,400 words; 4 figures; 97 references, 14 of them commented on) 1PDF Image | Redox flow batteries for energy storage challenges
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