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Introduction The deployment of redox flow batteries (RFBs) has grown steadily due to their versatility, increasing standardisation and recent grid-level energy storage installations [1]. In contrast to conventional batteries, RFBs can provide multiple service functions, such as peak shaving and sub-second response for frequency and voltage regulation, for either wind or solar power generation and the power grid. Relevantly, they are now considered a safer alternative to Li-ion stationary systems for indoor use in buildings [2]. Since devices complying with local legislations on fire safety and electrolyte management will have competitive advantages, standardisation of RFBs has been progressed via the International Electrotechnical Commission [3], as an addition to updated grid storage standards [4]. The large-scale deployment of RFBs in a multi-device energy market with many service providers has been hindered by the perception that the technology is still in an early stage of development and by the relatively high capital costs due to electrolytes (e.g. vanadium) and ion exchange membranes. However, market conditions have become more favourable for RFB manufacturers. The rising cost of wind power curtailment has incentivised heavy investment in China [5], while electrolyte leasing models have relieved the impact of vanadium costs [6]. Moreover, the price of cobalt in Li-ion cell cathodes has more than doubled since 2016 [7], due to the ‘high-risk’ status of its supply chain [8]. Work continues on the commercialisation of other RFBs systems, mainly zinc-bromine [9] and the search for feasible organic chemistries continues [10]. The prospective success of such systems could overcome present limitations. While the principles of this technology are well-known, the path to scale-up and development has often been unclear to researchers [11]. The full potential of RFBs has yet to be realised. Progress is currently 2PDF Image | Redox flow batteries for energy storage challenges
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